Network meta-analysis
HbA1c change
Type 2 diabetes (adults); background therapy: one or more non insulin glucose lowering drugs
weeks 20 to 36 (target week 26)Not stated by the trialsDoses of a drug pooledMean difference
59
Randomized trials
33
Treatments
20,865
Participants
129
Trial arms
In plain language
Across 59 trials with 20,865 participants, 25 of 32 treatments had a clearly better result than placebo on HbA1c change, 1 a clearly worse one, and for 6 the evidence could not tell them apart from placebo. The most favorable estimate was for Semaglutide injection: mean difference -1.57 percentage points (95% credible interval -1.84 to -1.31).
Lower values favor the treatment. "Clearly" means the 95% credible interval excludes no difference. These are averages across trials; they do not say how any one person will respond. Not medical advice.
Network of trials
Each circle is a treatment; each line joins treatments that were randomized against each other in at least one trial.
Effects compared with Placebo
Mean difference in percentage points. Lower values favor the treatment.
| Treatment | Bayesian MD (95% CrI) | 95% prediction interval | Frequentist MD (95% CI) | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semaglutide injection SEMA_SC | -1.57 (-1.84 to -1.31) | -2.09 to -1.03 | -1.57 (-1.83 to -1.32) | Better |
| Liraglutide and empagliflozin injection EMPALIRA_SC | -1.54 (-2.12 to -0.95) | -2.25 to -0.79 | -1.61 (-2.19 to -1.02) | Better |
| Exenatide extended release and dapagliflozin injection DAPAEXEN_SC | -1.43 (-1.98 to -0.85) | -2.15 to -0.71 | -1.47 (-2.03 to -0.91) | Better |
| Exenatide and rosiglitazone injection EXENROSI_SC | -1.19 (-1.78 to -0.59) | -1.93 to -0.47 | -1.24 (-1.80 to -0.67) | Better |
| Insulin degludec with liraglutide injection IDEGLIRA_SC | -1.18 (-1.45 to -0.89) | -1.71 to -0.63 | -1.20 (-1.47 to -0.94) | Better |
| Insulin glargine with lixisenatide injection IGLARLIXI_SC | -1.09 (-1.55 to -0.60) | -1.73 to -0.42 | -1.12 (-1.57 to -0.67) | Better |
| Glimepiride GLIMEPIRIDE | -1.08 (-1.56 to -0.60) | -1.76 to -0.42 | -1.10 (-1.56 to -0.65) | Better |
| Taspoglutide injection TASP_SC | -1.07 (-1.41 to -0.73) | -1.64 to -0.48 | -1.10 (-1.43 to -0.76) | Better |
| Exenatide extended release injection EXENER_SC | -1.07 (-1.28 to -0.85) | -1.58 to -0.54 | -1.09 (-1.32 to -0.87) | Better |
| Basal insulin OTHER_ACTIVE_basal_insulin | -1.04 (-1.62 to -0.42) | -1.79 to -0.26 | -1.11 (-1.71 to -0.50) | Better |
| Dulaglutide injection DULA_SC | -1.04 (-1.33 to -0.73) | -1.60 to -0.48 | -1.06 (-1.35 to -0.77) | Better |
| Liraglutide injection LIRA_SC | -0.99 (-1.15 to -0.80) | -1.46 to -0.49 | -1.01 (-1.17 to -0.84) | Better |
| Beinaglutide injection BEIN_SC | -0.95 (-2.06 to 0.22) | -2.15 to 0.32 | -1.10 (-2.26 to 0.07) | Unclear |
| Rosiglitazone ROSIGLITAZONE | -0.89 (-1.46 to -0.31) | -1.62 to -0.15 | -0.94 (-1.50 to -0.37) | Better |
| Empagliflozin EMPAGLIFLOZIN | -0.84 (-1.43 to -0.23) | -1.58 to -0.07 | -0.91 (-1.51 to -0.30) | Better |
| Insulin degludec INS_DEGLUDEC | -0.84 (-1.30 to -0.36) | -1.48 to -0.17 | -0.86 (-1.32 to -0.40) | Better |
| Pioglitazone PIOGLITAZONE | -0.82 (-1.31 to -0.30) | -1.53 to -0.12 | -0.85 (-1.34 to -0.36) | Better |
| Exenatide injection EXEN_SC | -0.81 (-1.02 to -0.58) | -1.31 to -0.29 | -0.84 (-1.05 to -0.62) | Better |
| Semaglutide tablet SEMA_PO | -0.79 (-1.31 to -0.23) | -1.48 to -0.07 | -0.81 (-1.33 to -0.30) | Better |
| Polyethylene glycol loxenatide injection PEGLOX_SC | -0.79 (-1.19 to -0.40) | -1.39 to -0.18 | -0.80 (-1.19 to -0.42) | Better |
| Insulin glargine INS_GLARGINE | -0.79 (-0.97 to -0.58) | -1.28 to -0.28 | -0.81 (-1.00 to -0.62) | Better |
| Cotadutide injection COTA_SC | -0.74 (-1.25 to -0.23) | -1.43 to -0.06 | -0.75 (-1.24 to -0.26) | Better |
| Premixed insulin INS_PREMIX | -0.73 (-1.15 to -0.28) | -1.34 to -0.09 | -0.79 (-1.21 to -0.36) | Better |
| Standard care or no added treatment STANDARD_CARE | -0.72 (-1.49 to 0.05) | -1.61 to 0.18 | -0.76 (-1.53 to 0.01) | Unclear |
| Insulin detemir INS_DETEMIR | -0.64 (-1.20 to -0.07) | -1.36 to 0.09 | -0.67 (-1.22 to -0.13) | Better |
| Sitagliptin SITAGLIPTIN | -0.60 (-0.81 to -0.35) | -1.11 to -0.07 | -0.61 (-0.83 to -0.40) | Better |
| GLP-1 receptor agonist (liraglutide, exenatide, exenatide ER, albiglutide or dulaglutide) injection GLP1RE_SC | -0.44 (-1.10 to 0.27) | -1.26 to 0.42 | -0.47 (-1.13 to 0.19) | Unclear |
| Lixisenatide injection LIXI_SC | -0.41 (-0.77 to -0.06) | -0.99 to 0.17 | -0.43 (-0.78 to -0.09) | Better |
| Sulfonylurea OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | -0.38 (-0.90 to 0.17) | -1.08 to 0.35 | -0.41 (-0.93 to 0.12) | Unclear |
| Dpp4 inhibitor OTHER_ACTIVE_dpp4_inhibitor | -0.28 (-1.02 to 0.47) | -1.16 to 0.60 | -0.31 (-1.05 to 0.42) | Unclear |
| Testosterone OTHER_ACTIVE_testosterone | -0.27 (-1.05 to 0.50) | -1.17 to 0.63 | -0.27 (-1.05 to 0.51) | Unclear |
| Dapagliflozin DAPAGLIFLOZIN | 5.77 (3.93 to 7.57) | 3.87 to 7.62 | 6.63 (4.71 to 8.55) | Worse |
Ranking
How likely each treatment is to be among the best. Rankings ignore the size of differences and their certainty, so read them with the effects above.
League table
Every treatment against every other: mean difference of the row treatment versus the column treatment, posterior median and 95% credible interval. Green: row clearly better; red: row clearly worse.
| Row versus column | PLACEBO | SEMA_SC | EMPALIRA_SC | DAPAEXEN_SC | EXENROSI_SC | IDEGLIRA_SC | IGLARLIXI_SC | GLIMEPIRIDE | TASP_SC | EXENER_SC | OTHER_ACTIVE_basal_insulin | DULA_SC | LIRA_SC | BEIN_SC | ROSIGLITAZONE | EMPAGLIFLOZIN | INS_DEGLUDEC | PIOGLITAZONE | EXEN_SC | SEMA_PO | PEGLOX_SC | INS_GLARGINE | COTA_SC | INS_PREMIX | STANDARD_CARE | INS_DETEMIR | SITAGLIPTIN | GLP1RE_SC | LIXI_SC | OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | OTHER_ACTIVE_dpp4_inhibitor | OTHER_ACTIVE_testosterone | DAPAGLIFLOZIN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLACEBO | PLACEBO | 1.57 1.31 to 1.84 | 1.54 0.95 to 2.12 | 1.43 0.85 to 1.98 | 1.19 0.59 to 1.78 | 1.18 0.89 to 1.45 | 1.09 0.60 to 1.55 | 1.08 0.60 to 1.56 | 1.07 0.73 to 1.41 | 1.07 0.85 to 1.28 | 1.04 0.42 to 1.62 | 1.04 0.73 to 1.33 | 0.99 0.80 to 1.15 | 0.95 -0.22 to 2.06 | 0.89 0.31 to 1.46 | 0.84 0.23 to 1.43 | 0.84 0.36 to 1.30 | 0.82 0.30 to 1.31 | 0.81 0.58 to 1.02 | 0.79 0.23 to 1.31 | 0.79 0.40 to 1.19 | 0.79 0.58 to 0.97 | 0.74 0.23 to 1.25 | 0.73 0.28 to 1.15 | 0.72 -0.05 to 1.49 | 0.64 0.07 to 1.20 | 0.60 0.35 to 0.81 | 0.44 -0.27 to 1.10 | 0.41 0.06 to 0.77 | 0.38 -0.17 to 0.90 | 0.28 -0.47 to 1.02 | 0.27 -0.50 to 1.05 | -5.77 -7.57 to -3.93 |
| SEMA_SC | -1.57 -1.84 to -1.31 | SEMA_SC | -0.03 -0.66 to 0.58 | -0.14 -0.75 to 0.44 | -0.38 -1.01 to 0.25 | -0.39 -0.74 to -0.05 | -0.48 -1.01 to 0.03 | -0.49 -1.01 to 0.04 | -0.50 -0.91 to -0.09 | -0.50 -0.82 to -0.19 | -0.53 -1.19 to 0.11 | -0.53 -0.91 to -0.17 | -0.58 -0.87 to -0.32 | -0.62 -1.80 to 0.52 | -0.68 -1.31 to -0.07 | -0.72 -1.39 to -0.10 | -0.73 -1.26 to -0.22 | -0.75 -1.30 to -0.21 | -0.76 -1.09 to -0.45 | -0.78 -1.37 to -0.21 | -0.78 -1.24 to -0.32 | -0.78 -1.08 to -0.50 | -0.83 -1.40 to -0.25 | -0.84 -1.35 to -0.36 | -0.85 -1.64 to -0.05 | -0.93 -1.55 to -0.32 | -0.98 -1.30 to -0.65 | -1.14 -1.87 to -0.44 | -1.16 -1.57 to -0.74 | -1.19 -1.78 to -0.62 | -1.28 -2.08 to -0.49 | -1.30 -2.04 to -0.57 | -7.33 -9.11 to -5.51 |
| EMPALIRA_SC | -1.54 -2.12 to -0.95 | 0.03 -0.58 to 0.66 | EMPALIRA_SC | -0.12 -0.89 to 0.67 | -0.35 -1.15 to 0.48 | -0.35 -0.96 to 0.25 | -0.45 -1.17 to 0.27 | -0.45 -1.18 to 0.27 | -0.47 -1.12 to 0.19 | -0.48 -1.06 to 0.13 | -0.50 -1.08 to 0.07 | -0.50 -1.13 to 0.13 | -0.56 -1.10 to -0.00 | -0.59 -1.87 to 0.66 | -0.65 -1.43 to 0.14 | -0.70 -1.28 to -0.12 | -0.71 -1.42 to 0.02 | -0.72 -1.46 to 0.01 | -0.74 -1.32 to -0.13 | -0.75 -1.51 to 0.01 | -0.75 -1.44 to -0.03 | -0.76 -1.33 to -0.18 | -0.80 -1.56 to -0.01 | -0.81 -1.51 to -0.10 | -0.82 -1.76 to 0.15 | -0.90 -1.67 to -0.09 | -0.95 -1.53 to -0.36 | -1.11 -1.99 to -0.25 | -1.12 -1.78 to -0.45 | -1.16 -1.92 to -0.40 | -1.26 -2.18 to -0.33 | -1.28 -2.22 to -0.30 | -7.31 -9.17 to -5.38 |
| DAPAEXEN_SC | -1.43 -1.98 to -0.85 | 0.14 -0.44 to 0.75 | 0.12 -0.67 to 0.89 | DAPAEXEN_SC | -0.24 -1.03 to 0.56 | -0.25 -0.84 to 0.36 | -0.34 -1.04 to 0.38 | -0.34 -1.05 to 0.38 | -0.36 -0.98 to 0.28 | -0.36 -0.86 to 0.16 | -0.39 -1.19 to 0.40 | -0.40 -0.99 to 0.23 | -0.45 -0.99 to 0.12 | -0.48 -1.74 to 0.76 | -0.54 -1.33 to 0.25 | -0.58 -1.40 to 0.21 | -0.59 -1.30 to 0.13 | -0.61 -1.31 to 0.13 | -0.63 -1.18 to -0.04 | -0.64 -1.39 to 0.11 | -0.64 -1.29 to 0.05 | -0.64 -1.18 to -0.08 | -0.69 -1.43 to 0.09 | -0.70 -1.40 to -0.01 | -0.71 -1.65 to 0.25 | -0.79 -1.50 to -0.04 | -0.84 -1.39 to -0.25 | -0.99 -1.85 to -0.14 | -1.02 -1.65 to -0.35 | -1.05 -1.80 to -0.30 | -1.14 -2.05 to -0.20 | -1.16 -2.11 to -0.20 | -7.19 -9.07 to -5.25 |
| EXENROSI_SC | -1.19 -1.78 to -0.59 | 0.38 -0.25 to 1.01 | 0.35 -0.48 to 1.15 | 0.24 -0.56 to 1.03 | EXENROSI_SC | -0.01 -0.64 to 0.61 | -0.10 -0.83 to 0.62 | -0.10 -0.84 to 0.61 | -0.11 -0.76 to 0.50 | -0.12 -0.72 to 0.46 | -0.15 -0.97 to 0.67 | -0.15 -0.79 to 0.50 | -0.20 -0.81 to 0.38 | -0.24 -1.52 to 0.99 | -0.30 -0.84 to 0.23 | -0.35 -1.17 to 0.46 | -0.35 -1.09 to 0.38 | -0.37 -1.12 to 0.38 | -0.38 -0.93 to 0.16 | -0.40 -1.19 to 0.35 | -0.40 -1.08 to 0.29 | -0.40 -1.00 to 0.17 | -0.45 -1.21 to 0.32 | -0.46 -1.13 to 0.18 | -0.47 -1.41 to 0.49 | -0.55 -1.35 to 0.24 | -0.59 -1.22 to -0.01 | -0.76 -1.62 to 0.10 | -0.78 -1.45 to -0.10 | -0.80 -1.58 to -0.06 | -0.90 -1.83 to 0.02 | -0.92 -1.88 to 0.03 | -6.95 -8.84 to -5.04 |
| IDEGLIRA_SC | -1.18 -1.45 to -0.89 | 0.39 0.05 to 0.74 | 0.35 -0.25 to 0.96 | 0.25 -0.36 to 0.84 | 0.01 -0.61 to 0.64 | IDEGLIRA_SC | -0.09 -0.61 to 0.41 | -0.10 -0.63 to 0.44 | -0.11 -0.53 to 0.31 | -0.11 -0.43 to 0.20 | -0.14 -0.79 to 0.49 | -0.15 -0.51 to 0.23 | -0.20 -0.47 to 0.08 | -0.23 -1.42 to 0.90 | -0.29 -0.91 to 0.32 | -0.34 -0.98 to 0.29 | -0.34 -0.81 to 0.10 | -0.36 -0.91 to 0.18 | -0.38 -0.69 to -0.06 | -0.39 -0.98 to 0.18 | -0.39 -0.85 to 0.08 | -0.40 -0.66 to -0.14 | -0.44 -1.02 to 0.15 | -0.45 -0.95 to 0.04 | -0.46 -1.26 to 0.34 | -0.54 -1.14 to 0.05 | -0.59 -0.91 to -0.27 | -0.75 -1.47 to -0.07 | -0.77 -1.17 to -0.35 | -0.80 -1.38 to -0.24 | -0.90 -1.67 to -0.13 | -0.91 -1.71 to -0.10 | -6.94 -8.77 to -5.08 |
| IGLARLIXI_SC | -1.09 -1.55 to -0.60 | 0.48 -0.03 to 1.01 | 0.45 -0.27 to 1.17 | 0.34 -0.38 to 1.04 | 0.10 -0.62 to 0.83 | 0.09 -0.41 to 0.61 | IGLARLIXI_SC | -0.00 -0.64 to 0.66 | -0.01 -0.57 to 0.55 | -0.02 -0.51 to 0.47 | -0.05 -0.81 to 0.71 | -0.05 -0.57 to 0.50 | -0.10 -0.57 to 0.38 | -0.13 -1.37 to 1.07 | -0.20 -0.91 to 0.52 | -0.25 -1.01 to 0.49 | -0.25 -0.89 to 0.39 | -0.27 -0.95 to 0.39 | -0.28 -0.76 to 0.21 | -0.30 -1.00 to 0.41 | -0.30 -0.88 to 0.31 | -0.30 -0.75 to 0.14 | -0.34 -1.03 to 0.36 | -0.35 -0.98 to 0.27 | -0.36 -1.24 to 0.53 | -0.45 -1.16 to 0.27 | -0.49 -0.99 to 0.01 | -0.66 -1.14 to -0.17 | -0.67 -1.11 to -0.22 | -0.71 -1.40 to -0.04 | -0.80 -1.67 to 0.08 | -0.82 -1.71 to 0.08 | -6.85 -8.68 to -4.98 |
| GLIMEPIRIDE | -1.08 -1.56 to -0.60 | 0.49 -0.04 to 1.01 | 0.45 -0.27 to 1.18 | 0.34 -0.38 to 1.05 | 0.10 -0.61 to 0.84 | 0.10 -0.44 to 0.63 | 0.00 -0.66 to 0.64 | GLIMEPIRIDE | -0.01 -0.59 to 0.55 | -0.01 -0.52 to 0.49 | -0.04 -0.80 to 0.68 | -0.05 -0.59 to 0.49 | -0.10 -0.58 to 0.37 | -0.13 -1.37 to 1.07 | -0.20 -0.92 to 0.53 | -0.24 -1.00 to 0.50 | -0.24 -0.90 to 0.40 | -0.26 -0.92 to 0.38 | -0.28 -0.78 to 0.22 | -0.29 -1.00 to 0.39 | -0.29 -0.89 to 0.31 | -0.30 -0.80 to 0.19 | -0.34 -1.03 to 0.37 | -0.35 -0.99 to 0.27 | -0.36 -1.26 to 0.54 | -0.44 -1.17 to 0.29 | -0.49 -1.00 to 0.02 | -0.65 -1.47 to 0.15 | -0.67 -1.26 to -0.08 | -0.71 -1.41 to -0.00 | -0.79 -1.67 to 0.04 | -0.81 -1.74 to 0.08 | -6.85 -8.72 to -4.97 |
| TASP_SC | -1.07 -1.41 to -0.73 | 0.50 0.09 to 0.91 | 0.47 -0.19 to 1.12 | 0.36 -0.28 to 0.98 | 0.11 -0.50 to 0.76 | 0.11 -0.31 to 0.53 | 0.01 -0.55 to 0.57 | 0.01 -0.55 to 0.59 | TASP_SC | -0.00 -0.38 to 0.36 | -0.03 -0.72 to 0.62 | -0.03 -0.46 to 0.39 | -0.09 -0.44 to 0.25 | -0.12 -1.29 to 1.02 | -0.18 -0.81 to 0.44 | -0.23 -0.91 to 0.41 | -0.23 -0.80 to 0.33 | -0.26 -0.83 to 0.31 | -0.27 -0.61 to 0.07 | -0.28 -0.90 to 0.31 | -0.28 -0.78 to 0.23 | -0.29 -0.65 to 0.08 | -0.33 -0.93 to 0.27 | -0.34 -0.85 to 0.15 | -0.35 -1.18 to 0.49 | -0.43 -1.08 to 0.22 | -0.48 -0.83 to -0.12 | -0.64 -1.39 to 0.10 | -0.66 -1.14 to -0.18 | -0.69 -1.32 to -0.09 | -0.79 -1.59 to 0.01 | -0.81 -1.62 to 0.04 | -6.84 -8.67 to -4.97 |
| EXENER_SC | -1.07 -1.28 to -0.85 | 0.50 0.19 to 0.82 | 0.48 -0.13 to 1.06 | 0.36 -0.16 to 0.86 | 0.12 -0.46 to 0.72 | 0.11 -0.20 to 0.43 | 0.02 -0.47 to 0.51 | 0.01 -0.49 to 0.52 | 0.00 -0.36 to 0.38 | EXENER_SC | -0.03 -0.66 to 0.58 | -0.03 -0.37 to 0.31 | -0.08 -0.30 to 0.13 | -0.12 -1.29 to 1.00 | -0.18 -0.77 to 0.40 | -0.22 -0.85 to 0.38 | -0.23 -0.73 to 0.26 | -0.25 -0.74 to 0.22 | -0.26 -0.49 to -0.03 | -0.28 -0.83 to 0.26 | -0.28 -0.70 to 0.16 | -0.28 -0.50 to -0.06 | -0.32 -0.88 to 0.23 | -0.34 -0.80 to 0.09 | -0.35 -1.13 to 0.44 | -0.43 -0.95 to 0.09 | -0.47 -0.72 to -0.23 | -0.64 -1.34 to 0.05 | -0.65 -1.04 to -0.25 | -0.68 -1.25 to -0.16 | -0.79 -1.53 to -0.04 | -0.80 -1.59 to 0.01 | -6.84 -8.63 to -4.98 |
| OTHER_ACTIVE_basal_insulin | -1.04 -1.62 to -0.42 | 0.53 -0.11 to 1.19 | 0.50 -0.07 to 1.08 | 0.39 -0.40 to 1.19 | 0.15 -0.67 to 0.97 | 0.14 -0.49 to 0.79 | 0.05 -0.71 to 0.81 | 0.04 -0.68 to 0.80 | 0.03 -0.62 to 0.72 | 0.03 -0.58 to 0.66 | OTHER_ACTIVE_basal_insulin | -0.00 -0.65 to 0.66 | -0.06 -0.63 to 0.54 | -0.09 -1.37 to 1.20 | -0.15 -0.95 to 0.67 | -0.20 -0.79 to 0.41 | -0.20 -0.96 to 0.57 | -0.22 -0.98 to 0.54 | -0.24 -0.85 to 0.40 | -0.26 -1.04 to 0.52 | -0.26 -0.95 to 0.50 | -0.26 -0.86 to 0.36 | -0.30 -1.08 to 0.52 | -0.31 -1.04 to 0.44 | -0.32 -1.26 to 0.66 | -0.40 -1.19 to 0.43 | -0.45 -1.06 to 0.19 | -0.61 -1.49 to 0.29 | -0.63 -1.31 to 0.07 | -0.66 -1.41 to 0.11 | -0.75 -1.69 to 0.19 | -0.77 -1.76 to 0.23 | -6.80 -8.70 to -4.85 |
| DULA_SC | -1.04 -1.33 to -0.73 | 0.53 0.17 to 0.91 | 0.50 -0.13 to 1.13 | 0.40 -0.23 to 0.99 | 0.15 -0.50 to 0.79 | 0.15 -0.23 to 0.51 | 0.05 -0.50 to 0.57 | 0.05 -0.49 to 0.59 | 0.03 -0.39 to 0.46 | 0.03 -0.31 to 0.37 | 0.00 -0.66 to 0.65 | DULA_SC | -0.05 -0.36 to 0.24 | -0.09 -1.28 to 1.06 | -0.15 -0.78 to 0.49 | -0.19 -0.85 to 0.43 | -0.20 -0.74 to 0.33 | -0.22 -0.78 to 0.34 | -0.23 -0.57 to 0.11 | -0.25 -0.85 to 0.34 | -0.25 -0.71 to 0.23 | -0.25 -0.55 to 0.04 | -0.29 -0.86 to 0.30 | -0.31 -0.82 to 0.21 | -0.32 -1.02 to 0.41 | -0.40 -1.02 to 0.21 | -0.44 -0.79 to -0.11 | -0.60 -1.34 to 0.10 | -0.63 -1.07 to -0.18 | -0.66 -1.25 to -0.08 | -0.75 -1.55 to 0.03 | -0.77 -1.58 to 0.06 | -6.80 -8.62 to -4.95 |
| LIRA_SC | -0.99 -1.15 to -0.80 | 0.58 0.32 to 0.87 | 0.56 0.00 to 1.10 | 0.45 -0.12 to 0.99 | 0.20 -0.38 to 0.81 | 0.20 -0.08 to 0.47 | 0.10 -0.38 to 0.57 | 0.10 -0.37 to 0.58 | 0.09 -0.25 to 0.44 | 0.08 -0.13 to 0.30 | 0.06 -0.54 to 0.63 | 0.05 -0.24 to 0.36 | LIRA_SC | -0.04 -1.20 to 1.09 | -0.10 -0.68 to 0.49 | -0.14 -0.73 to 0.44 | -0.15 -0.62 to 0.31 | -0.16 -0.67 to 0.32 | -0.18 -0.40 to 0.05 | -0.20 -0.73 to 0.32 | -0.20 -0.60 to 0.23 | -0.20 -0.39 to -0.00 | -0.24 -0.78 to 0.31 | -0.25 -0.70 to 0.19 | -0.26 -1.02 to 0.52 | -0.34 -0.90 to 0.22 | -0.39 -0.58 to -0.19 | -0.55 -1.24 to 0.13 | -0.57 -0.94 to -0.19 | -0.60 -1.12 to -0.10 | -0.70 -1.44 to 0.03 | -0.72 -1.49 to 0.08 | -6.75 -8.55 to -4.90 |
| BEIN_SC | -0.95 -2.06 to 0.22 | 0.62 -0.52 to 1.80 | 0.59 -0.66 to 1.87 | 0.48 -0.76 to 1.74 | 0.24 -0.99 to 1.52 | 0.23 -0.90 to 1.42 | 0.13 -1.07 to 1.37 | 0.13 -1.07 to 1.37 | 0.12 -1.02 to 1.29 | 0.12 -1.00 to 1.29 | 0.09 -1.20 to 1.37 | 0.09 -1.06 to 1.28 | 0.04 -1.09 to 1.20 | BEIN_SC | -0.06 -1.28 to 1.22 | -0.11 -1.38 to 1.19 | -0.11 -1.30 to 1.13 | -0.13 -1.33 to 1.10 | -0.15 -1.26 to 1.00 | -0.17 -1.41 to 1.11 | -0.16 -1.33 to 1.09 | -0.16 -1.28 to 1.00 | -0.21 -1.43 to 1.07 | -0.22 -1.30 to 0.85 | -0.23 -1.57 to 1.13 | -0.31 -1.56 to 0.97 | -0.36 -1.49 to 0.81 | -0.52 -1.84 to 0.80 | -0.54 -1.71 to 0.67 | -0.57 -1.83 to 0.72 | -0.67 -1.98 to 0.72 | -0.69 -2.05 to 0.72 | -6.69 -8.87 to -4.52 |
| ROSIGLITAZONE | -0.89 -1.46 to -0.31 | 0.68 0.07 to 1.31 | 0.65 -0.14 to 1.43 | 0.54 -0.25 to 1.33 | 0.30 -0.23 to 0.84 | 0.29 -0.32 to 0.91 | 0.20 -0.52 to 0.91 | 0.20 -0.53 to 0.92 | 0.18 -0.44 to 0.81 | 0.18 -0.40 to 0.77 | 0.15 -0.67 to 0.95 | 0.15 -0.49 to 0.78 | 0.10 -0.49 to 0.68 | 0.06 -1.22 to 1.28 | ROSIGLITAZONE | -0.04 -0.89 to 0.74 | -0.05 -0.79 to 0.68 | -0.08 -0.80 to 0.67 | -0.09 -0.61 to 0.45 | -0.10 -0.88 to 0.67 | -0.10 -0.77 to 0.60 | -0.10 -0.69 to 0.48 | -0.14 -0.91 to 0.62 | -0.16 -0.81 to 0.48 | -0.17 -1.09 to 0.79 | -0.25 -1.04 to 0.52 | -0.29 -0.87 to 0.30 | -0.45 -1.33 to 0.41 | -0.48 -1.13 to 0.18 | -0.51 -1.26 to 0.25 | -0.60 -1.52 to 0.32 | -0.62 -1.56 to 0.34 | -6.65 -8.54 to -4.73 |
| EMPAGLIFLOZIN | -0.84 -1.43 to -0.23 | 0.72 0.10 to 1.39 | 0.70 0.12 to 1.28 | 0.58 -0.21 to 1.40 | 0.35 -0.46 to 1.17 | 0.34 -0.29 to 0.98 | 0.25 -0.49 to 1.01 | 0.24 -0.50 to 1.00 | 0.23 -0.41 to 0.91 | 0.22 -0.38 to 0.85 | 0.20 -0.41 to 0.79 | 0.19 -0.43 to 0.85 | 0.14 -0.44 to 0.73 | 0.11 -1.19 to 1.38 | 0.04 -0.74 to 0.89 | EMPAGLIFLOZIN | -0.00 -0.74 to 0.74 | -0.02 -0.78 to 0.75 | -0.04 -0.65 to 0.59 | -0.06 -0.83 to 0.73 | -0.05 -0.74 to 0.67 | -0.06 -0.66 to 0.55 | -0.10 -0.88 to 0.71 | -0.11 -0.83 to 0.62 | -0.12 -1.08 to 0.85 | -0.21 -1.00 to 0.62 | -0.25 -0.86 to 0.37 | -0.41 -1.29 to 0.47 | -0.43 -1.12 to 0.28 | -0.46 -1.21 to 0.31 | -0.56 -1.48 to 0.38 | -0.58 -1.54 to 0.42 | -6.61 -8.47 to -4.68 |
| INS_DEGLUDEC | -0.84 -1.30 to -0.36 | 0.73 0.22 to 1.26 | 0.71 -0.02 to 1.42 | 0.59 -0.13 to 1.30 | 0.35 -0.38 to 1.09 | 0.34 -0.10 to 0.81 | 0.25 -0.39 to 0.89 | 0.24 -0.40 to 0.90 | 0.23 -0.33 to 0.80 | 0.23 -0.26 to 0.73 | 0.20 -0.57 to 0.96 | 0.20 -0.33 to 0.74 | 0.15 -0.31 to 0.62 | 0.11 -1.13 to 1.30 | 0.05 -0.68 to 0.79 | 0.00 -0.74 to 0.74 | INS_DEGLUDEC | -0.02 -0.67 to 0.65 | -0.04 -0.52 to 0.47 | -0.05 -0.74 to 0.65 | -0.05 -0.65 to 0.56 | -0.05 -0.51 to 0.43 | -0.09 -0.78 to 0.61 | -0.11 -0.72 to 0.52 | -0.11 -0.99 to 0.77 | -0.20 -0.90 to 0.52 | -0.24 -0.73 to 0.25 | -0.41 -1.22 to 0.40 | -0.42 -0.99 to 0.15 | -0.46 -1.14 to 0.22 | -0.55 -1.43 to 0.32 | -0.57 -1.45 to 0.34 | -6.58 -8.45 to -4.73 |
| PIOGLITAZONE | -0.82 -1.31 to -0.30 | 0.75 0.21 to 1.30 | 0.72 -0.01 to 1.46 | 0.61 -0.13 to 1.31 | 0.37 -0.38 to 1.12 | 0.36 -0.18 to 0.91 | 0.27 -0.39 to 0.95 | 0.26 -0.38 to 0.92 | 0.26 -0.31 to 0.83 | 0.25 -0.22 to 0.74 | 0.22 -0.54 to 0.98 | 0.22 -0.34 to 0.78 | 0.16 -0.32 to 0.67 | 0.13 -1.10 to 1.33 | 0.08 -0.67 to 0.80 | 0.02 -0.75 to 0.78 | 0.02 -0.65 to 0.67 | PIOGLITAZONE | -0.01 -0.52 to 0.50 | -0.04 -0.73 to 0.67 | -0.03 -0.65 to 0.61 | -0.04 -0.53 to 0.48 | -0.07 -0.78 to 0.63 | -0.09 -0.73 to 0.55 | -0.10 -0.97 to 0.83 | -0.18 -0.91 to 0.52 | -0.23 -0.70 to 0.26 | -0.39 -1.22 to 0.43 | -0.41 -0.99 to 0.19 | -0.44 -1.17 to 0.27 | -0.54 -1.41 to 0.36 | -0.55 -1.45 to 0.36 | -6.58 -8.43 to -4.68 |
| EXEN_SC | -0.81 -1.02 to -0.58 | 0.76 0.45 to 1.09 | 0.74 0.13 to 1.32 | 0.63 0.04 to 1.18 | 0.38 -0.16 to 0.93 | 0.38 0.06 to 0.69 | 0.28 -0.21 to 0.76 | 0.28 -0.22 to 0.78 | 0.27 -0.07 to 0.61 | 0.26 0.03 to 0.49 | 0.24 -0.40 to 0.85 | 0.23 -0.11 to 0.57 | 0.18 -0.05 to 0.40 | 0.15 -1.00 to 1.26 | 0.09 -0.45 to 0.61 | 0.04 -0.59 to 0.65 | 0.04 -0.47 to 0.52 | 0.01 -0.50 to 0.52 | EXEN_SC | -0.01 -0.60 to 0.53 | -0.02 -0.44 to 0.42 | -0.02 -0.25 to 0.20 | -0.06 -0.61 to 0.51 | -0.07 -0.47 to 0.29 | -0.09 -0.87 to 0.71 | -0.17 -0.75 to 0.41 | -0.21 -0.48 to 0.05 | -0.37 -1.08 to 0.31 | -0.39 -0.78 to 0.01 | -0.42 -0.99 to 0.13 | -0.52 -1.29 to 0.23 | -0.54 -1.32 to 0.27 | -6.57 -8.35 to -4.72 |
| SEMA_PO | -0.79 -1.31 to -0.23 | 0.78 0.21 to 1.37 | 0.75 -0.01 to 1.51 | 0.64 -0.11 to 1.39 | 0.40 -0.35 to 1.19 | 0.39 -0.18 to 0.98 | 0.30 -0.41 to 1.00 | 0.29 -0.39 to 1.00 | 0.28 -0.31 to 0.90 | 0.28 -0.26 to 0.83 | 0.26 -0.52 to 1.04 | 0.25 -0.34 to 0.85 | 0.20 -0.32 to 0.73 | 0.17 -1.11 to 1.41 | 0.10 -0.67 to 0.88 | 0.06 -0.73 to 0.83 | 0.05 -0.65 to 0.74 | 0.04 -0.67 to 0.73 | 0.01 -0.53 to 0.60 | SEMA_PO | 0.00 -0.65 to 0.67 | -0.00 -0.55 to 0.55 | -0.05 -0.78 to 0.71 | -0.05 -0.75 to 0.61 | -0.07 -0.99 to 0.86 | -0.15 -0.93 to 0.62 | -0.19 -0.67 to 0.30 | -0.35 -1.21 to 0.49 | -0.38 -1.00 to 0.28 | -0.41 -1.15 to 0.32 | -0.50 -1.03 to 0.03 | -0.52 -1.47 to 0.43 | -6.54 -8.42 to -4.64 |
| PEGLOX_SC | -0.79 -1.19 to -0.40 | 0.78 0.32 to 1.24 | 0.75 0.03 to 1.44 | 0.64 -0.05 to 1.29 | 0.40 -0.29 to 1.08 | 0.39 -0.08 to 0.85 | 0.30 -0.31 to 0.88 | 0.29 -0.31 to 0.89 | 0.28 -0.23 to 0.78 | 0.28 -0.16 to 0.70 | 0.26 -0.50 to 0.95 | 0.25 -0.23 to 0.71 | 0.20 -0.23 to 0.60 | 0.16 -1.09 to 1.33 | 0.10 -0.60 to 0.77 | 0.05 -0.67 to 0.74 | 0.05 -0.56 to 0.65 | 0.03 -0.61 to 0.65 | 0.02 -0.42 to 0.44 | -0.00 -0.67 to 0.65 | PEGLOX_SC | -0.00 -0.42 to 0.39 | -0.05 -0.68 to 0.58 | -0.06 -0.65 to 0.50 | -0.07 -0.93 to 0.78 | -0.15 -0.84 to 0.51 | -0.20 -0.64 to 0.23 | -0.36 -1.12 to 0.39 | -0.37 -0.88 to 0.13 | -0.41 -1.10 to 0.24 | -0.51 -1.35 to 0.32 | -0.53 -1.38 to 0.35 | -6.55 -8.42 to -4.68 |
| INS_GLARGINE | -0.79 -0.97 to -0.58 | 0.78 0.50 to 1.08 | 0.76 0.18 to 1.33 | 0.64 0.08 to 1.18 | 0.40 -0.17 to 1.00 | 0.40 0.14 to 0.66 | 0.30 -0.14 to 0.75 | 0.30 -0.19 to 0.80 | 0.29 -0.08 to 0.65 | 0.28 0.06 to 0.50 | 0.26 -0.36 to 0.86 | 0.25 -0.04 to 0.55 | 0.20 0.00 to 0.39 | 0.16 -1.00 to 1.28 | 0.10 -0.48 to 0.69 | 0.06 -0.55 to 0.66 | 0.05 -0.43 to 0.51 | 0.04 -0.48 to 0.53 | 0.02 -0.20 to 0.25 | 0.00 -0.55 to 0.55 | 0.00 -0.39 to 0.42 | INS_GLARGINE | -0.04 -0.58 to 0.52 | -0.06 -0.50 to 0.38 | -0.06 -0.83 to 0.71 | -0.15 -0.71 to 0.43 | -0.19 -0.44 to 0.05 | -0.35 -1.03 to 0.30 | -0.38 -0.71 to -0.02 | -0.40 -0.95 to 0.14 | -0.50 -1.25 to 0.24 | -0.52 -1.30 to 0.28 | -6.54 -8.35 to -4.70 |
| COTA_SC | -0.74 -1.25 to -0.23 | 0.83 0.25 to 1.40 | 0.80 0.01 to 1.56 | 0.69 -0.09 to 1.43 | 0.45 -0.32 to 1.21 | 0.44 -0.15 to 1.02 | 0.34 -0.36 to 1.03 | 0.34 -0.37 to 1.03 | 0.33 -0.27 to 0.93 | 0.32 -0.23 to 0.88 | 0.30 -0.52 to 1.08 | 0.29 -0.30 to 0.86 | 0.24 -0.31 to 0.78 | 0.21 -1.07 to 1.43 | 0.14 -0.62 to 0.91 | 0.10 -0.71 to 0.88 | 0.09 -0.61 to 0.78 | 0.07 -0.63 to 0.78 | 0.06 -0.51 to 0.61 | 0.05 -0.71 to 0.78 | 0.05 -0.58 to 0.68 | 0.04 -0.52 to 0.58 | COTA_SC | -0.01 -0.71 to 0.64 | -0.03 -0.93 to 0.90 | -0.10 -0.86 to 0.64 | -0.15 -0.70 to 0.39 | -0.31 -1.18 to 0.52 | -0.33 -0.95 to 0.29 | -0.36 -1.11 to 0.37 | -0.46 -1.35 to 0.45 | -0.48 -1.38 to 0.44 | -6.50 -8.37 to -4.61 |
| INS_PREMIX | -0.73 -1.15 to -0.28 | 0.84 0.36 to 1.35 | 0.81 0.10 to 1.51 | 0.70 0.01 to 1.40 | 0.46 -0.18 to 1.13 | 0.45 -0.04 to 0.95 | 0.35 -0.27 to 0.98 | 0.35 -0.27 to 0.99 | 0.34 -0.15 to 0.85 | 0.34 -0.09 to 0.80 | 0.31 -0.44 to 1.04 | 0.31 -0.21 to 0.82 | 0.25 -0.19 to 0.70 | 0.22 -0.85 to 1.30 | 0.16 -0.48 to 0.81 | 0.11 -0.62 to 0.83 | 0.11 -0.52 to 0.72 | 0.09 -0.55 to 0.73 | 0.07 -0.29 to 0.47 | 0.05 -0.61 to 0.75 | 0.06 -0.50 to 0.65 | 0.06 -0.38 to 0.50 | 0.01 -0.64 to 0.71 | INS_PREMIX | -0.01 -0.89 to 0.87 | -0.09 -0.77 to 0.60 | -0.14 -0.59 to 0.34 | -0.30 -1.07 to 0.49 | -0.32 -0.87 to 0.25 | -0.35 -1.03 to 0.34 | -0.45 -1.28 to 0.41 | -0.47 -1.33 to 0.42 | -6.48 -8.34 to -4.61 |
| STANDARD_CARE | -0.72 -1.49 to 0.05 | 0.85 0.05 to 1.64 | 0.82 -0.15 to 1.76 | 0.71 -0.25 to 1.65 | 0.47 -0.49 to 1.41 | 0.46 -0.34 to 1.26 | 0.36 -0.53 to 1.24 | 0.36 -0.54 to 1.26 | 0.35 -0.49 to 1.18 | 0.35 -0.44 to 1.13 | 0.32 -0.66 to 1.26 | 0.32 -0.41 to 1.02 | 0.26 -0.52 to 1.02 | 0.23 -1.13 to 1.57 | 0.17 -0.79 to 1.09 | 0.12 -0.85 to 1.08 | 0.11 -0.77 to 0.99 | 0.10 -0.83 to 0.97 | 0.09 -0.71 to 0.87 | 0.07 -0.86 to 0.99 | 0.07 -0.78 to 0.93 | 0.06 -0.71 to 0.83 | 0.03 -0.90 to 0.93 | 0.01 -0.87 to 0.89 | STANDARD_CARE | -0.08 -1.04 to 0.86 | -0.12 -0.93 to 0.65 | -0.29 -1.32 to 0.71 | -0.31 -1.15 to 0.53 | -0.34 -1.27 to 0.55 | -0.43 -1.50 to 0.61 | -0.45 -1.55 to 0.64 | -6.49 -8.44 to -4.51 |
| INS_DETEMIR | -0.64 -1.20 to -0.07 | 0.93 0.32 to 1.55 | 0.90 0.09 to 1.67 | 0.79 0.04 to 1.50 | 0.55 -0.24 to 1.35 | 0.54 -0.05 to 1.14 | 0.45 -0.27 to 1.16 | 0.44 -0.29 to 1.17 | 0.43 -0.22 to 1.08 | 0.43 -0.09 to 0.95 | 0.40 -0.43 to 1.19 | 0.40 -0.21 to 1.02 | 0.34 -0.22 to 0.90 | 0.31 -0.97 to 1.56 | 0.25 -0.52 to 1.04 | 0.21 -0.62 to 1.00 | 0.20 -0.52 to 0.90 | 0.18 -0.52 to 0.91 | 0.17 -0.41 to 0.75 | 0.15 -0.62 to 0.93 | 0.15 -0.51 to 0.84 | 0.15 -0.43 to 0.71 | 0.10 -0.64 to 0.86 | 0.09 -0.60 to 0.77 | 0.08 -0.86 to 1.04 | INS_DETEMIR | -0.05 -0.62 to 0.53 | -0.21 -1.07 to 0.65 | -0.23 -0.88 to 0.44 | -0.26 -1.02 to 0.48 | -0.36 -1.28 to 0.59 | -0.37 -1.31 to 0.60 | -6.41 -8.31 to -4.45 |
| SITAGLIPTIN | -0.60 -0.81 to -0.35 | 0.98 0.65 to 1.30 | 0.95 0.36 to 1.53 | 0.84 0.25 to 1.39 | 0.59 0.01 to 1.22 | 0.59 0.27 to 0.91 | 0.49 -0.01 to 0.99 | 0.49 -0.02 to 1.00 | 0.48 0.12 to 0.83 | 0.47 0.23 to 0.72 | 0.45 -0.19 to 1.06 | 0.44 0.11 to 0.79 | 0.39 0.19 to 0.58 | 0.36 -0.81 to 1.49 | 0.29 -0.30 to 0.87 | 0.25 -0.37 to 0.86 | 0.24 -0.25 to 0.73 | 0.23 -0.26 to 0.70 | 0.21 -0.05 to 0.48 | 0.19 -0.30 to 0.67 | 0.20 -0.23 to 0.64 | 0.19 -0.05 to 0.44 | 0.15 -0.39 to 0.70 | 0.14 -0.34 to 0.59 | 0.12 -0.65 to 0.93 | 0.05 -0.53 to 0.62 | SITAGLIPTIN | -0.16 -0.86 to 0.52 | -0.18 -0.58 to 0.23 | -0.21 -0.78 to 0.33 | -0.31 -1.02 to 0.41 | -0.33 -1.12 to 0.48 | -6.35 -8.19 to -4.49 |
| GLP1RE_SC | -0.44 -1.10 to 0.27 | 1.14 0.44 to 1.87 | 1.11 0.25 to 1.99 | 0.99 0.14 to 1.85 | 0.76 -0.10 to 1.62 | 0.75 0.07 to 1.47 | 0.66 0.17 to 1.14 | 0.65 -0.15 to 1.47 | 0.64 -0.10 to 1.39 | 0.64 -0.05 to 1.34 | 0.61 -0.29 to 1.49 | 0.60 -0.10 to 1.34 | 0.55 -0.13 to 1.24 | 0.52 -0.80 to 1.84 | 0.45 -0.41 to 1.33 | 0.41 -0.47 to 1.29 | 0.41 -0.40 to 1.22 | 0.39 -0.43 to 1.22 | 0.37 -0.31 to 1.08 | 0.35 -0.49 to 1.21 | 0.36 -0.39 to 1.12 | 0.35 -0.30 to 1.03 | 0.31 -0.52 to 1.18 | 0.30 -0.49 to 1.07 | 0.29 -0.71 to 1.32 | 0.21 -0.65 to 1.07 | 0.16 -0.52 to 0.86 | GLP1RE_SC | -0.02 -0.68 to 0.67 | -0.05 -0.89 to 0.78 | -0.15 -1.13 to 0.88 | -0.16 -1.18 to 0.85 | -6.19 -8.11 to -4.26 |
| LIXI_SC | -0.41 -0.77 to -0.06 | 1.16 0.74 to 1.57 | 1.12 0.45 to 1.78 | 1.02 0.35 to 1.65 | 0.78 0.10 to 1.45 | 0.77 0.35 to 1.17 | 0.67 0.22 to 1.11 | 0.67 0.08 to 1.26 | 0.66 0.18 to 1.14 | 0.65 0.25 to 1.04 | 0.63 -0.07 to 1.31 | 0.63 0.18 to 1.07 | 0.57 0.19 to 0.94 | 0.54 -0.67 to 1.71 | 0.48 -0.18 to 1.13 | 0.43 -0.28 to 1.12 | 0.42 -0.15 to 0.99 | 0.41 -0.19 to 0.99 | 0.39 -0.01 to 0.78 | 0.38 -0.28 to 1.00 | 0.37 -0.13 to 0.88 | 0.38 0.02 to 0.71 | 0.33 -0.29 to 0.95 | 0.32 -0.25 to 0.87 | 0.31 -0.53 to 1.15 | 0.23 -0.44 to 0.88 | 0.18 -0.23 to 0.58 | 0.02 -0.67 to 0.68 | LIXI_SC | -0.03 -0.68 to 0.57 | -0.13 -0.96 to 0.69 | -0.15 -0.99 to 0.70 | -6.16 -8.01 to -4.32 |
| OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | -0.38 -0.90 to 0.17 | 1.19 0.62 to 1.78 | 1.16 0.40 to 1.92 | 1.05 0.30 to 1.80 | 0.80 0.06 to 1.58 | 0.80 0.24 to 1.38 | 0.71 0.04 to 1.40 | 0.71 0.00 to 1.41 | 0.69 0.09 to 1.32 | 0.68 0.16 to 1.25 | 0.66 -0.11 to 1.41 | 0.66 0.08 to 1.25 | 0.60 0.10 to 1.12 | 0.57 -0.72 to 1.83 | 0.51 -0.25 to 1.26 | 0.46 -0.31 to 1.21 | 0.46 -0.22 to 1.14 | 0.44 -0.27 to 1.17 | 0.42 -0.13 to 0.99 | 0.41 -0.32 to 1.15 | 0.41 -0.24 to 1.10 | 0.40 -0.14 to 0.95 | 0.36 -0.37 to 1.11 | 0.35 -0.34 to 1.03 | 0.34 -0.55 to 1.27 | 0.26 -0.48 to 1.02 | 0.21 -0.33 to 0.78 | 0.05 -0.78 to 0.89 | 0.03 -0.57 to 0.68 | OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | -0.09 -0.97 to 0.82 | -0.11 -1.04 to 0.84 | -6.14 -8.00 to -4.25 |
| OTHER_ACTIVE_dpp4_inhibitor | -0.28 -1.02 to 0.47 | 1.28 0.49 to 2.08 | 1.26 0.33 to 2.18 | 1.14 0.20 to 2.05 | 0.90 -0.02 to 1.83 | 0.90 0.13 to 1.67 | 0.80 -0.08 to 1.67 | 0.79 -0.04 to 1.67 | 0.79 -0.01 to 1.59 | 0.79 0.04 to 1.53 | 0.75 -0.19 to 1.69 | 0.75 -0.03 to 1.55 | 0.70 -0.03 to 1.44 | 0.67 -0.72 to 1.98 | 0.60 -0.32 to 1.52 | 0.56 -0.38 to 1.48 | 0.55 -0.32 to 1.43 | 0.54 -0.36 to 1.41 | 0.52 -0.23 to 1.29 | 0.50 -0.03 to 1.03 | 0.51 -0.32 to 1.35 | 0.50 -0.24 to 1.25 | 0.46 -0.45 to 1.35 | 0.45 -0.41 to 1.28 | 0.43 -0.61 to 1.50 | 0.36 -0.59 to 1.28 | 0.31 -0.41 to 1.02 | 0.15 -0.88 to 1.13 | 0.13 -0.69 to 0.96 | 0.09 -0.82 to 0.97 | OTHER_ACTIVE_dpp4_inhibitor | -0.02 -1.10 to 1.06 | -6.05 -8.01 to -4.08 |
| OTHER_ACTIVE_testosterone | -0.27 -1.05 to 0.50 | 1.30 0.57 to 2.04 | 1.28 0.30 to 2.22 | 1.16 0.20 to 2.11 | 0.92 -0.03 to 1.88 | 0.91 0.10 to 1.71 | 0.82 -0.08 to 1.71 | 0.81 -0.08 to 1.74 | 0.81 -0.04 to 1.62 | 0.80 -0.01 to 1.59 | 0.77 -0.23 to 1.76 | 0.77 -0.06 to 1.58 | 0.72 -0.08 to 1.49 | 0.69 -0.72 to 2.05 | 0.62 -0.34 to 1.56 | 0.58 -0.42 to 1.54 | 0.57 -0.34 to 1.45 | 0.55 -0.36 to 1.45 | 0.54 -0.27 to 1.32 | 0.52 -0.43 to 1.47 | 0.53 -0.35 to 1.38 | 0.52 -0.28 to 1.30 | 0.48 -0.44 to 1.38 | 0.47 -0.42 to 1.33 | 0.45 -0.64 to 1.55 | 0.37 -0.60 to 1.31 | 0.33 -0.48 to 1.12 | 0.16 -0.85 to 1.18 | 0.15 -0.70 to 0.99 | 0.11 -0.84 to 1.04 | 0.02 -1.06 to 1.10 | OTHER_ACTIVE_testosterone | -6.03 -8.00 to -4.09 |
| DAPAGLIFLOZIN | 5.77 3.93 to 7.57 | 7.33 5.51 to 9.11 | 7.31 5.38 to 9.17 | 7.19 5.25 to 9.07 | 6.95 5.04 to 8.84 | 6.94 5.08 to 8.77 | 6.85 4.98 to 8.68 | 6.85 4.97 to 8.72 | 6.84 4.97 to 8.67 | 6.84 4.98 to 8.63 | 6.80 4.85 to 8.70 | 6.80 4.95 to 8.62 | 6.75 4.90 to 8.55 | 6.69 4.52 to 8.87 | 6.65 4.73 to 8.54 | 6.61 4.68 to 8.47 | 6.58 4.73 to 8.45 | 6.58 4.68 to 8.43 | 6.57 4.72 to 8.35 | 6.54 4.64 to 8.42 | 6.55 4.68 to 8.42 | 6.54 4.70 to 8.35 | 6.50 4.61 to 8.37 | 6.48 4.61 to 8.34 | 6.49 4.51 to 8.44 | 6.41 4.45 to 8.31 | 6.35 4.49 to 8.19 | 6.19 4.26 to 8.11 | 6.16 4.32 to 8.01 | 6.14 4.25 to 8.00 | 6.05 4.08 to 8.01 | 6.03 4.09 to 8.00 | DAPAGLIFLOZIN |
Heterogeneity, fit and convergence
Bayesian random effects (primary)
Frequentist check (netmeta)
Inconsistency
Do trials comparing two treatments directly agree with the indirect evidence through other treatments?
No comparison here has both direct and indirect evidence, so inconsistency cannot be checked by node splitting; the between designs Q above is the global check.
Small study effects
A comparison adjusted funnel plot: each point is one trial comparison, centered on its own network estimate. Asymmetry can signal that small trials with unfavorable results are missing.
Fewer than ten trial comparisons, too few to judge funnel plot asymmetry.
Baseline characteristics of the trials
The baseline value of each effect modifier or prognostic factor that applies here, per trial: mean or percent over arms, weighted by the number randomized. A note under a value names a stand in (a median for a mean, 100 minus the male share, Asian subgroup rows, an all Asian site list); "not reported" means no source of the trial prints it.
| Trial | Baseline HbA1c (percent) effect modifier, prognostic factor; 55 of 59 | Background glucose lowering therapy (stratum S0 to S4) effect modifier, prognostic factor; 59 of 59 | Diabetes duration (years) effect modifier, prognostic factor; 49 of 59 | Asian ancestry or region (percent Asian) effect modifier, prognostic factor; 40 of 59 | Age (years) prognostic factor; 59 of 59 | Treatment duration (weeks) effect modifier; 59 of 59 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00754988 S000027 | 7.96 | S1 | 5.87 | 8.82 | 55.91 | 156 |
| SEMAT S000079 | 7.15 median | S1 | 4 | not reported | 50 median | 24 |
| NCT01296412 S000080 | 8.15 | S1 | 7.9 | not reported | 57.25 | 26 |
| DUAL™ I China S000081 | 8.23 | S1 | 8.17 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 54.7 | 26 |
| DUAL™IV S000164 | 7.9 | S1 | 9.1 | 16.56 | 59.8 | 26 |
| NCT03235050 S000257 | not reported | S1 | not reported | 0.72 | 56.79 | 54 |
| NCT01029886 S000352 | 8.45 | S1 | 8.49 | 12 | 57 | 26 |
| NCT00637273 S000402 | 8.53 | S1 | 5.67 | 24 | 52.53 | 26 |
| NCT00717457 S000414 | 8.1 | S1 | 6.6 | not reported | 55.67 | 52 |
| SUSTAIN 9 S000483 | 8.05 | S1 | 9.7 | 23.51 | 57.05 | 30 |
| SUSTAIN 10 S000584 | 8.2 | S1 | 9.3 | 1.39 | 59.5 | 30 |
| NCT03951753 S000593 | 7.79 | S1 | 11.33 | 0 | 61.91 | 28 |
| NCT00935532 S000632 | 8.51 | S1 | not reported | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 56.75 | 26 |
| NCT02008682 S000650 | 8.12 | S1 | 5.25 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 51.55 | 26 |
| NCT03878706 S000665 | 8.05 | S1 | 6.5 median | not reported | 57.5 | 52.14 |
| NCT00577824 S000752 | 8.22 | S1 | 12 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 58.43 | 24 |
| NCT01149421 S000784 | 7.93 | S1 | 8.34 | 9.14 | 56.48 | 26 |
| NCT00434954 S000790 | 7.89 | S1 | 5 | not reported | 57.05 | 26 |
| NCT02229396 S000791 | 9.3 | S1 | 7.37 | 0.72 | 54.17 | 104 |
| EXENDA S000796 | 7.57 | S1 | 6.6 | not reported | 60.1 | 24 |
| NCT00395746 S000862 | 8.82 | S1 | 10.33 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 59.67 | 52 |
| NCT00135330 S000943 | 7.83 | S1 | 4.7 | not reported | 55.7 | 20 |
| LIRA-Ramadan™ S000963 | 8.25 | S1 | 7.6 | 45.14 | 54.45 | 30 |
| D-LIFT S000993 | 8.4 | S1 | 5.3 | 100 | 47.35 | 24 |
| NCT04451837 S001033 | 7.23 | S1 | 4.6 | not reported | 66 | 26.07 |
| LIRA-SWITCH™ S001119 | 8.25 | S1 | 7.75 | not reported | 56.4 | 26 |
| LixiLan-G S001125 | 7.79 | S1 | 11.09 | 1.36 | 59.6 | 26 |
| DUAL™ VIII S001131 | not reported | S1 | not reported | 11.36 | 56.6 | 104 |
| DURATION-NEO-2 S001157 | 8.45 | S1 | 8.33 | 3.85 | 53.7 | 28 |
| AWARD-6 S001184 | 8.05 | S1 | 7.21 | 0.17 | 56.65 | 26 |
| NCT00701935 S001193 | not reported | S1 | not reported | not reported | 58.06 | 26.07 |
| LixiLan-O S001199 | 8.1 | S1 | 8.82 | 1.54 | 58.34 | 30 |
| SUSTAIN™ 4 S001219 | 8.17 | S1 | 8.6 | not reported | 56.47 | 30 |
| DUALTM IX S001236 | 8.3 | S1 | 9.55 | 15.75 | 56.65 | 26 |
| NCT00877890 S001308 | 8.45 | S1 | not reported | not reported | 55.66 | 24 |
| NCT00360334 S001323 | 8.57 | S1 | 8.7 | not reported | 56.5 | 26 |
| NCT01003184 S001355 | 8.36 | S1 | 7.5 | 4 | 58.5 | 26 |
| AWARD-CHN2 S001404 | 8.37 | S1 | 8.13 | 81.52 | 54.97 | 52 |
| NCT00917267 S001437 | 8.7 | S1 | not reported | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 55.8 | 26 |
| LEAD-2 S001502 | 8.38 | S1 | 7.56 | 9 | 56.67 | 26 |
| LIGHT-ON S001525 | 7.7 | S1 | 4.46 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 44.84 | 26 |
| GETGOAL-F1 S001563 | 8.04 | S1 | 5.89 | 7.45 | 55 | 24 |
| LEAD-1 S001584 | 8.44 | S1 | 6.57 median | not reported | 56.07 | 26 |
| NCT00603239 S001737 | not reported | S1 | not reported | not reported | 54.66 | 26 |
| NCT00766857 S001750 | 7.69 | S1 | 8 median | not reported | 66 | 26 |
| NCT00641056 S001768 | 8.3 | S1 | 8 | 6 | 57.95 | 84 |
| LEAD-5 S002098 | 8.26 | S1 | 9.44 | not reported | 57.54 | 26 |
| LEAD-6 S002230 | 8.15 | S1 | 8.2 | 0.86 | 56.7 | 26 |
| PIONEER 3 S002267 | 8.33 | S1 | not reported | 13.14 | 57.75 | 78 |
| NCT00700817 S002361 | 8.43 | S1 | 6.23 | 1.65 | 55.3 | 26 |
| S002928 S002928 | 7.3 median | S1 | not reported | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 31.74 | 24 |
| S002969 S002969 | 6.74 median | S1 | 3.48 median | not reported | 52.3 | 26 |
| S002984 S002984 | 8.67 | S1 | 10.25 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 67.85 | 24 |
| S003004 S003004 | 9.52 median | S1 | not reported | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 51.95 | 26.07 |
| S003006 S003006 | 8.25 | S1 | 12.45 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 62.25 | 24 |
| S003036 S003036 | 7.6 | S1 | 14.04 | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 66.13 | 24 |
| S003044 S003044 | 8.5 | S1 | 9.45 median | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 58.17 | 24 |
| S003076 S003076 | 8.26 | S1 | 5.72 | not reported | 52.87 | 24 |
| S003086 S003086 | 9.68 | S1 | 3 median | 100 region: all sites in Asia | 48.49 | 24 |
Comparability of the trials
Checked across designs (the set of treatments each trial compares) for eligibility, outcome definition and assessment, and the baseline factors above. Flags point to possible intransitivity; notes describe variation that is not tied to design.
- FlagBaseline, Baseline HbA1c: design means range from 7.1 (OTHER_ACTIVE_testosterone vs SEMA_SC) to 9.5 (BEIN_SC vs INS_PREMIX) percent; threshold 0.5
- FlagBaseline, Diabetes duration: design means range from 4.0 (OTHER_ACTIVE_testosterone vs SEMA_SC) to 14.0 (OTHER_ACTIVE_dpp4_inhibitor vs SEMA_PO) years; threshold 3
- FlagBaseline, Asian ancestry or region: not reported by 19 of 59 trials
- FlagBaseline, Asian ancestry or region: design means range from 0.2 (DULA_SC vs LIRA_SC) to 100.0 (BEIN_SC vs INS_PREMIX) percent Asian; threshold 30
- FlagBaseline, Age: design means range from 31.7 (PEGLOX_SC vs PLACEBO) to 67.9 (INS_GLARGINE vs PEGLOX_SC) years; threshold 10
- FlagBaseline, Treatment duration: design means range from 20.0 (EXEN_SC vs EXENROSI_SC vs ROSIGLITAZONE) to 156.0 (PLACEBO vs SITAGLIPTIN vs TASP_SC) weeks; threshold 26
- FlagEligibility, hba1c entry range: a design requires hba1c 42 or more while another admits only 9 or less
- FlagEligibility, bmi entry range: a design requires bmi 50 or more while another admits only 35 or less
- NoteOutcome assessment, time point: selected time points span 20 to 30 weeks
- NoteOutcome assessment, analysis set: mixed: completers 8, full_analysis 18, modified_itt 25, other 1, per_protocol 3, randomized 4
- NoteOutcome assessment, definition: mixed: change from baseline in HbA1c, LS mean ANCOVA, LOCF 1, change in HbA1c from baseline 1, HbA1c after 24 weeks 2, HbA1c change from baseline to endpoint, last observation on treatment carried forward 1, HbA1c change from baseline to week 24 1, HbA1c change from baseline to week 28, MMRM 1, HbA1c change from baseline, ITT 1, LS mean HbA1c change baseline to week 24, ANCOVA 1, not stated 49, Observed HbA1c at 6 months, mean and SD 1
- NoteRisk of bias, blinding: mixed: double_blind 21, not_reported 2, open_label 34, single_blind 2
- NoteRisk of bias, funding: mixed: industry 46, mixed 3, non_industry 10
- NoteData handling, input conversions: arms_combined 12, median_converted 6, n_randomized 2
| Trial | time weeks | analysis set | definition | instrument | adjudicated | proportion method | intercurrent events (discontinuation) | intercurrent events (rescue) | blinding | funding | start year | Eligibility |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00754988 | 24 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2008 | age 18 to 75; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent; BMI 25 (23 Asian) to 45; metformin at least 1500 mg |
| SEMAT | 24 | randomized | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | 2020 | men 18 to 65; type 2 diabetes on oral agents; BMI above 30; functional hypogonadism with testosterone below 11 nmol/L |
| NCT01296412 | 26 | per_protocol | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2011 | age 18 to 79; HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 percent on metformin 1500 mg or more; eGFR 60 or more |
| DUAL™ I China | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2017 | Chinese adults 18 y or older; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0; BMI 40 or less; metformin with or without one OAD |
| DUAL™IV | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2012 | adults 18 or older; HbA1c 7.0 to 9.0 percent; BMI 40 or less; SU with or without metformin; insulin and GLP-1 RA naive |
| NCT03235050 | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2017 | age 18 or older; BMI 25 or higher; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent; on metformin |
| NCT01029886 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2010 | adults 18 or older with type 2 diabetes on oral agents, HbA1c 7.1 to 11.0 percent, BMI 45 or less |
| NCT00637273 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2008 | age 18 or older; HbA1c 7.1 to 11.0 percent; BMI 25 to 45; stable metformin |
| NCT00717457 | 24 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2008 | age 18 to 75; HbA1c 7 to 10 percent; BMI 25 to 45 (above 23 for Asians); metformin with or without TZD |
| SUSTAIN 9 | 30 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2017 | adults 18 or older (20 in Japan); HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent; stable SGLT2i with or without metformin or SU |
| SUSTAIN 10 | 30 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2017 | adults with T2D, HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 percent on 1 to 3 oral drugs |
| NCT03951753 | 28 | modified_itt | HbA1c change from baseline to week 28, MMRM | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2019 | age 20 to 74; BMI 25 to 45; metformin with or without one other oral agent |
| NCT00935532 | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2009 | type 2 diabetes on biguanide with or without thiazolidinedione |
| NCT02008682 | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2013 | Chinese adults 18 to 80; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 on metformin; BMI 45 or lower |
| NCT03878706 | 26.07 | completers | Observed HbA1c at 6 months, mean and SD | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | single_blind | non_industry | 2017 | T2D on metformin, HbA1c above 7 percent, high or very high CV risk, eGFR 60 or more |
| NCT00577824 | 24 | full_analysis | HbA1c change from baseline to endpoint, last observation on treatment carried forward | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2008 | age 20 to 75; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent JDS; weight 50 kg or more; sulfonylurea based oral therapy |
| NCT01149421 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2010 | adults 18 or older; HbA1c 7 to 9.5 percent; stable oral agents |
| NCT00434954 | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2007 | adults with T2D on metformin, HbA1c 6.5 to 10.0 percent |
| NCT02229396 | 28 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2014 | age 18 or older; HbA1c 8.0 to 12.0 percent on metformin 1500 mg/d or more |
| EXENDA | 24 | randomized | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2017 | age 18 to 75; BMI 25 or more; HbA1c 6.5 to 11 percent; metformin 1000 mg or more |
| NCT00395746 | 24 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2006 | age 20 or older; HbA1c 7.4 to 10.4 on one sulfonylurea |
| NCT00135330 | 20 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2005 | age 18 to 75; BMI 25 to 40; HbA1c 6.8 to 10.0 percent; stable metformin only |
| LIRA-Ramadan™ | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2014 | age 18 to 80; HbA1c 7 to 10 percent; BMI 20 or more; metformin plus sulfonylurea; intent to fast in Ramadan |
| D-LIFT | 24 | per_protocol | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | 2019 | age over 20; type 2 diabetes HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0; MRI-PDFF liver fat 6 percent or more |
| NCT04451837 | 26.07 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | 2020 | age 18 or older; SIDD or SIRD cluster; stable metformin monotherapy; HbA1c 42 to 90 mmol/mol |
| LIRA-SWITCH™ | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2013 | age 18 or more; HbA1c 7.5 to 9.5 percent; BMI 20 or more; on sitagliptin 100 mg and metformin for 90 days or more |
| LixiLan-G | 26 | other | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2016 | T2D 1 year or more; HbA1c 7 to 9 percent; BMI over 20 to 40; maximum tolerated GLP-1 RA plus metformin |
| DUAL™ VIII | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2016 | adults with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on oral drugs, insulin naive |
| DURATION-NEO-2 | 28 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2013 | age 18 or older; HbA1c 7.1 to 11.0 percent; BMI 45 or lower; metformin 1500 mg or more |
| AWARD-6 | 26 | modified_itt | change in HbA1c from baseline | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2012 | adults; HbA1c 7 to 10 percent; metformin 1500 mg/day or more |
| NCT00701935 | 26.07 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2008 | adults with T2D on metformin |
| LixiLan-O | 30 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2014 | adults; HbA1c 7.5 to 10% on metformin or 7 to 9% on metformin plus second OAD; 7 to 10% after run in |
| SUSTAIN™ 4 | 30 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2014 | adults with T2D, insulin naive, on metformin with or without SU; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent |
| DUALTM IX | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2016 | adults; insulin naive type 2 diabetes on SGLT2 inhibitor with or without other oral drugs; HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 percent; BMI 20 to 40 |
| NCT00877890 | 24 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2009 | age 18 or older; HbA1c 7.1 to 11.0 percent; BMI 25 to 45 |
| NCT00360334 | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2006 | BMI above 27; HbA1c 7.5 to 10.0 percent; 2 or 3 oral drugs; at least one CV risk factor |
| NCT01003184 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2009 | age 18 or older; HbA1c 7.1 to 10.0 percent; BMI 25 to 45; metformin with or without SU |
| AWARD-CHN2 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2012 | age 18 or older; BMI 19 to 35 kg/m2; HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 percent on metformin and/or sulfonylurea |
| NCT00917267 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2009 | Asian adults 20 or older; HbA1c 7 to 11; BMI 21 to 35; on oral drugs |
| LEAD-2 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2006 | age 18 to 80; HbA1c 7 to 11 percent on one OAD or 7 to 10 on combination; BMI 40 or less; no recent insulin |
| LIGHT-ON | 26 | randomized | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | mixed | 2014 | age 30 to 75, HbA1c 6.5 to 10 percent on metformin, NAFLD with MRI-PDFF over 10 percent, BMI 20 to 35 |
| GETGOAL-F1 | 24 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2008 | adults with T2D on metformin |
| LEAD-1 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2006 | age 18 to 80; HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 (mono) or 7.0 to 10.0 (combination); BMI up to 45 |
| NCT00603239 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2008 | type 2 diabetes on a thiazolidinedione with or without metformin |
| NCT00766857 | 26 | completers | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2009 | T2D with LVEF below 50; BMI 25 to 40; HbA1c 6.5 to 10.0; metformin with or without SU |
| NCT00641056 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2008 | age 18 or older; HbA1c 7.1 to 11.0 percent; BMI 25 to 45; metformin with or without sulfonylurea |
| LEAD-5 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2006 | age 18 to 80; HbA1c 7.5 to 10 on monotherapy or 7 to 10 on combination; BMI 45 or lower |
| LEAD-6 | 26 | modified_itt | change from baseline in HbA1c, LS mean ANCOVA, LOCF | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2007 | age 18 to 80; HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 percent; BMI 45 or less; stable metformin, sulfonylurea or both |
| PIONEER 3 | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2016 | adults with T2D; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent; metformin with or without sulfonylurea |
| NCT00700817 | 26 | full_analysis | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2008 | age 18 to 80; HbA1c 7.5 to 10%; BMI 45 or less; metformin 1500 mg/day or more for 3 months |
| S002928 | 24 | completers | LS mean HbA1c change baseline to week 24, ANCOVA | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | single_blind | non_industry | 2022 | age 18 to 65; BMI 50 or more; type 2 diabetes |
| S002969 | 26.07 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2018 | age 18 to 70; BMI 30 to 50; HbA1c 48 to below 97 mmol/mol; T2DM under 10 years; undergoing LAGB |
| S002984 | 24 | per_protocol | HbA1c change from baseline to week 24 | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | mixed | 2020 | T2D age 45 or older; HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 percent; metformin at least 3 months |
| S003004 | 26.07 | completers | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not_reported | non_industry | 2020 | age 18 to 65; BMI 22 to 40; HbA1c 7 to 10 percent on metformin alone |
| S003006 | 24 | completers | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | 2013 | Japanese adults 20 or older; HbA1c 7.0 to below 10 on DPP-4 inhibitor based oral therapy |
| S003036 | 24 | completers | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | 2022 | age 20 or more; HbA1c 7.0 percent or more; DPP-4 inhibitor for 12 weeks or more |
| S003044 | 24 | completers | HbA1c after 24 weeks | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not_reported | mixed | 2015 | HbA1c 7.0 to <10.0%; BMI 18.5 to <25; waist >85 cm men, >80 cm women; stable oral agents |
| S003076 | 24 | completers | HbA1c after 24 weeks | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | postmenopausal women 45 to 65, type 2 diabetes on metformin only, HbA1c 7 to 10%, BMI above 30 | |
| S003086 | 24 | randomized | HbA1c change from baseline, ITT | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | non_industry | 2017 | age 18 to 65; HbA1c 6.5 percent or more; BMI 24 or more; SBP 90 to 130 mmHg |
Trial data
What each trial contributes. Arm rows give the arm value with its standard error, or events over participants; contrast rows give the mean difference on the analysis scale against the trial's first row. Flags mark converted, combined or approximated inputs.
| Trial | Arm | Treatment | Week | Data | Value | SE | Events / N | Flags | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00754988 | A1 | PLACEBO | 24 | arm, change | -0.100 | 0.080 | 90 | R0022521:Abstract | |
| NCT00754988 | A2+A3 | TASP_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.265 | 0.042 | 369 | arms_combined | R0022521:Results |
| NCT00754988 | A4 | SITAGLIPTIN | 24 | arm, change | -0.890 | 0.060 | 177 | R0022521:Results | |
| SEMAT | A1 | SEMA_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.100 | 0.185 | 13 | median_converted | R0019948:Table 1 |
| SEMAT | A2 | OTHER_ACTIVE_testosterone | 24 | arm, change | 0.200 | 0.235 | 12 | median_converted | R0019948:Table 1 |
| NCT01296412 | A1 | SITAGLIPTIN | 26 | arm, change | -1.300 | 0.051 | 269 | R0026295:Table 2 | |
| NCT01296412 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.400 | 0.051 | 253 | R0026295:Table 2 | |
| DUAL™ I China | A1 | IDEGLIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.710 | 0.048 | 341 | registry:outcomes | |
| DUAL™ I China | A2 | INS_DEGLUDEC | 26 | arm, change | -1.200 | 0.077 | 167 | registry:outcomes | |
| DUAL™ I China | A3 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.160 | 0.072 | 151 | registry:outcomes | |
| DUAL™IV | A1 | IDEGLIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.500 | 0.047 | 289 | R0015199:Results | |
| DUAL™IV | A2 | PLACEBO | 26 | arm, change | -0.500 | 0.066 | 146 | R0015199:Results | |
| NCT03235050 | A1 | PLACEBO | 26 | arm, change | -0.400 | 0.092 | 112 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT03235050 | A3+A4+A5 | COTA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.152 | 0.040 | 612 | arms_combined | registry:outcomes |
| NCT01029886 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.280 | 0.050 | 390 | R0016299:Table 2 | |
| NCT01029886 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.480 | 0.050 | 386 | R0016299:Table 2 | |
| NCT00637273 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.550 | 0.100 | 159 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00637273 | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 26 | arm, change | -0.920 | 0.099 | 162 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00637273 | A3 | PIOGLITAZONE | 26 | arm, change | -1.230 | 0.099 | 160 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00717457 | A1+A2 | TASP_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.275 | 0.060 | 776 | arms_combined | R0013639:Results |
| NCT00717457 | A3 | EXEN_SC | 24 | arm, change | -0.980 | 0.080 | 373 | R0013639:Results | |
| SUSTAIN 9 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 30 | arm, change | -1.600 | 0.065 | 151 | registry:outcomes | |
| SUSTAIN 9 | A2 | PLACEBO | 30 | arm, change | -0.200 | 0.073 | 151 | registry:outcomes | |
| SUSTAIN 10 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 30 | arm, change | -1.700 | 0.053 | 290 | registry:outcomes | |
| SUSTAIN 10 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 30 | arm, change | -1.100 | 0.059 | 287 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT03951753 | A2 | SEMA_SC | 28 | arm, change | -1.640 | 0.078 | 43 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT03951753 | A3 | PLACEBO | 28 | arm, change | 0.290 | 0.101 | 24 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00935532 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.110 | 0.060 | 214 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00935532 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, change | -0.680 | 0.060 | 212 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT02008682 | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.666 | 0.078 | 162 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT02008682 | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 26 | arm, change | -0.969 | 0.074 | 175 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT03878706 | A1 | OTHER_ACTIVE_basal_insulin | 26.07 | arm, final | 6.900 | 0.141 | 50 | R0006572:Table 3 | |
| NCT03878706 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 26.07 | arm, final | 7.000 | 0.127 | 50 | R0006572:Table 3 | |
| NCT03878706 | A3 | EMPAGLIFLOZIN | 26.07 | arm, final | 7.100 | 0.141 | 50 | R0006572:Table 3 | |
| NCT03878706 | A4 | EMPALIRA_SC | 26.07 | arm, final | 6.400 | 0.113 | 50 | R0006572:Table 3 | |
| NCT00577824 | A1 | PLACEBO | 24 | arm, change | -0.286 | 0.153 | 35 | R0018881:Results | |
| NCT00577824 | A2+A3 | EXEN_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.511 | 0.080 | 143 | arms_combined | R0018881:Results |
| NCT01149421 | A1+A2 | DULA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -0.950 | 0.046 | 505 | arms_combined | registry:outcomes |
| NCT01149421 | A3 | PLACEBO | 26 | arm, change | -0.020 | 0.060 | 250 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00434954 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.000 | 0.050 | 181 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00434954 | A2 | INS_PREMIX | 26 | arm, change | -1.140 | 0.050 | 173 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT02229396 | A1 | DAPAEXEN_SC | 28 | contrast, md | -0.380 | 0.129 | registry:outcomes | ||
| NCT02229396 | A2 | EXENER_SC | 28 | contrast, md | registry:outcomes | ||||
| EXENDA | A1 | EXENER_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.629 | 0.327 | 16 | R0025594:Table 3 | |
| EXENDA | A2 | PLACEBO | 24 | arm, change | -0.631 | 0.168 | 14 | R0025594:Table 3 | |
| NCT00395746 | A1+A2 | LIRA_SC | 24 | arm, final | 6.884 | 0.075 | 173 | arms_combined | registry:outcomes |
| NCT00395746 | A3 | PLACEBO | 24 | arm, final | 8.020 | 0.100 | 88 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00135330 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 20 | arm, change | -0.900 | 0.100 | 45 | R0027805:Table 1 | |
| NCT00135330 | A2 | EXENROSI_SC | 20 | arm, change | -1.300 | 0.100 | 47 | R0027805:Table 1 | |
| NCT00135330 | A3 | ROSIGLITAZONE | 20 | arm, change | -1.000 | 0.100 | 45 | R0027805:Table 1 | |
| LIRA-Ramadan™ | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.300 | 0.091 | 146 | registry:outcomes | |
| LIRA-Ramadan™ | A2 | OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | 26 | arm, change | -0.700 | 0.072 | 156 | registry:outcomes | |
| D-LIFT | A1 | STANDARD_CARE | 24 | arm, change | -1.300 | 0.200 | 25 | R0016566:Table 3 | |
| D-LIFT | A2 | DULA_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.600 | 0.200 | 27 | R0016566:Table 3 | |
| NCT04451837 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 26.07 | contrast, md | -8.200 | 0.944 | R0007799:Results | ||
| NCT04451837 | A2 | DAPAGLIFLOZIN | 26.07 | contrast, md | R0007799:Results | ||||
| LIRA-SWITCH™ | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.146 | 0.073 | 176 | registry:outcomes | |
| LIRA-SWITCH™ | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 26 | arm, change | -0.529 | 0.075 | 182 | registry:outcomes | |
| LixiLan-G | A1 | IGLARLIXI_SC | 26 | arm, change | -0.990 | 0.057 | 189 | R0006249:Table 2 | |
| LixiLan-G | A2 | GLP1RE_SC | 26 | arm, change | -0.340 | 0.062 | 162 | R0006249:Table 2 | |
| DUAL™ VIII | A1 | IDEGLIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.990 | 0.051 | 506 | registry:outcomes | |
| DUAL™ VIII | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, change | -1.690 | 0.049 | 506 | registry:outcomes | |
| DURATION-NEO-2 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 28 | arm, change | -1.130 | 0.110 | 181 | R0010641:Table 2 | |
| DURATION-NEO-2 | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 28 | arm, change | -0.750 | 0.130 | 122 | R0010641:Table 2 | |
| DURATION-NEO-2 | A3 | PLACEBO | 28 | arm, change | -0.400 | 0.190 | 61 | R0010641:Table 2 | |
| AWARD-6 | A1 | DULA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.420 | 0.050 | 279 | registry:outcomes | |
| AWARD-6 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.360 | 0.050 | 272 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00701935 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 26.07 | arm, change | -0.690 | 0.120 | 42 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00701935 | A2 | PLACEBO | 26.07 | arm, change | 0.190 | 0.150 | 33 | registry:outcomes | |
| LixiLan-O | A1 | IGLARLIXI_SC | 30 | arm, change | -1.600 | 0.040 | 467 | R0013783:Supplement Table S2 | |
| LixiLan-O | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 30 | arm, change | -1.300 | 0.040 | 464 | R0013783:Supplement Table S2 | |
| LixiLan-O | A3 | LIXI_SC | 30 | arm, change | -0.900 | 0.050 | 233 | R0013783:Supplement Table S2 | |
| SUSTAIN™ 4 | A1+A2 | SEMA_SC | 30 | arm, change | -1.424 | 0.036 | 722 | arms_combined | registry:outcomes |
| SUSTAIN™ 4 | A3 | INS_GLARGINE | 30 | arm, change | -0.830 | 0.050 | 360 | registry:outcomes | |
| DUALTM IX | A1 | IDEGLIRA_SC | 26 | contrast, md | -0.340 | 0.071 | registry:outcomes | ||
| DUALTM IX | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | contrast, md | registry:outcomes | ||||
| NCT00877890 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.570 | 0.104 | 126 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00877890 | A2 | EXEN_SC | 24 | arm, change | -0.900 | 0.110 | 116 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00360334 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.250 | 0.090 | 98 | R0024925:Table 2 | |
| NCT00360334 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, change | -1.260 | 0.090 | 102 | R0024925:Table 2 | |
| NCT01003184 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.300 | 0.080 | 111 | R0027663:Table 1 | |
| NCT01003184 | A2 | INS_DETEMIR | 26 | arm, change | -0.880 | 0.080 | 105 | R0027663:Table 1 | |
| AWARD-CHN2 | A1+A2 | DULA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.530 | 0.048 | 505 | arms_combined | R0023722:Results |
| AWARD-CHN2 | A3 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, change | -1.160 | 0.067 | 250 | R0023722:Results | |
| NCT00917267 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.430 | 0.070 | 307 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00917267 | A2 | EXEN_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.120 | 0.070 | 263 | registry:outcomes | |
| LEAD-2 | A1+A2+A3 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -0.899 | 0.058 | 707 | arms_combined | R0019848:Results |
| LEAD-2 | A4 | GLIMEPIRIDE | 26 | arm, change | -1.000 | 0.100 | 234 | R0019848:Results | |
| LEAD-2 | A5 | PLACEBO | 26 | arm, change | 0.100 | 0.100 | 120 | R0019848:Results | |
| LIGHT-ON | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.000 | 0.184 | 24 | R0024860:Table 2 | |
| LIGHT-ON | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 26 | arm, change | -1.000 | 0.192 | 27 | R0024860:Table 2 | |
| LIGHT-ON | A3 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, change | -0.700 | 0.265 | 24 | R0024860:Table 2 | |
| GETGOAL-F1 | A1 | PLACEBO | 24 | arm, change | -0.400 | 0.068 | 158 | R0021439:Supplement Table 1 | |
| GETGOAL-F1 | A2+A3 | LIXI_SC | 24 | arm, change | -0.855 | 0.051 | 308 | arms_combined | R0021439:Supplement Table 1 |
| LEAD-1 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 26 | contrast, md | -1.300 | 0.102 | R0026073:Results | ||
| LEAD-1 | A4 | PLACEBO | 26 | contrast, md | R0026073:Results | ||||
| NCT00603239 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 26 | arm, change | -0.840 | 0.200 | 110 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00603239 | A2 | PLACEBO | 26 | arm, change | -0.100 | 0.230 | 54 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00766857 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 26 | arm, final | 7.100 | 0.573 | 11 | R0014891:Table 4 | |
| NCT00766857 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, final | 6.800 | 0.202 | 12 | R0014891:Table 4 | |
| NCT00641056 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.470 | 0.050 | 205 | registry:outcomes | |
| NCT00641056 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, change | -1.310 | 0.060 | 206 | registry:outcomes | |
| LEAD-5 | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.330 | 0.090 | 230 | R0027336:Results | |
| LEAD-5 | A2 | PLACEBO | 26 | arm, change | -0.240 | 0.110 | 114 | R0027336:Results | |
| LEAD-5 | A3 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, change | -1.090 | 0.090 | 232 | R0027336:Results | |
| LEAD-6 | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.120 | 0.080 | 227 | registry:outcomes | |
| LEAD-6 | A2 | EXEN_SC | 26 | arm, change | -0.790 | 0.080 | 226 | registry:outcomes | |
| PIONEER 3 | A2 | SEMA_PO | 26 | contrast, md | -0.200 | 0.077 | registry:outcomes | ||
| PIONEER 3 | A4 | SITAGLIPTIN | 26 | contrast, md | registry:outcomes | ||||
| NCT00700817 | A1+A2 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, change | -1.371 | 0.046 | 425 | arms_combined | registry:outcomes |
| NCT00700817 | A3 | SITAGLIPTIN | 26 | arm, change | -0.900 | 0.070 | 210 | registry:outcomes | |
| S002928 | A1 | PLACEBO | 24 | arm, change | -0.500 | 0.071 | 35 | R0007034:Figure 3A | |
| S002928 | A2+A3 | PEGLOX_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.180 | 0.054 | 70 | arms_combined | R0007034:Results |
| S002969 | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26.07 | arm, change | -0.107 | 0.313 | 12 | median_converted | R0010852:Table 2 |
| S002969 | A2 | PLACEBO | 26.07 | arm, change | -0.335 | 0.263 | 13 | median_converted | R0010852:Table 2 |
| S002984 | A1 | PEGLOX_SC | 24 | arm, change | -1.100 | 0.153 | 35 | R0011969:Table 2 | |
| S002984 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 24 | arm, change | -0.900 | 0.153 | 34 | R0011969:Table 2 | |
| S003004 | A1 | BEIN_SC | 26.07 | arm, final | 6.673 | 0.354 | 49 | median_converted | R0016204:Table 2 |
| S003004 | A2 | INS_PREMIX | 26.07 | arm, final | 6.983 | 0.360 | 52 | median_converted | R0016204:Table 2 |
| S003006 | A1 | INS_GLARGINE | 24 | arm, change | -1.000 | 0.177 | 26 | R0010916:Results | |
| S003006 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 24 | arm, change | -0.600 | 0.149 | 29 | R0010916:Results | |
| S003036 | A1 | SEMA_PO | 24 | arm, change | -0.500 | 0.102 | 24 | R0017250:Results | |
| S003036 | A2 | OTHER_ACTIVE_dpp4_inhibitor | 24 | arm, change | 0.000 | 0.096 | 27 | R0017250:Results | |
| S003044 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 24 | arm, final | 7.050 | 0.164 | 40 | R0023353:Table 2 | |
| S003044 | A2 | INS_PREMIX | 24 | arm, final | 7.420 | 0.130 | 41 | R0023353:Table 2 | |
| S003076 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 24 | arm, final | 7.320 | 0.336 | 15 | R0019855:Table 1 | |
| S003076 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 24 | arm, final | 7.120 | 0.121 | 15 | R0019855:Table 1 | |
| S003086 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 24 | arm, change | -2.574 | 0.227 | 79 | n_randomized | R0019483:Table 2 |
| S003086 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 24 | arm, change | -1.562 | 0.169 | 80 | n_randomized | R0019483:Table 2 |
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