Network meta-analysis
Discontinuation due to gastrointestinal adverse events
Type 2 diabetes (adults)
longest follow-upRecorded harmsDoses of a drug pooledHazard ratio (from event counts)
43
Randomized trials
26
Treatments
19,955
Participants
650
Events
In plain language
Across 43 trials with 19,955 participants, 3 of 25 treatments had a clearly better result than placebo on discontinuation due to gastrointestinal adverse events, 6 a clearly worse one, and for 16 the evidence could not tell them apart from placebo. The most favorable estimate was for Insulin glargine: hazard ratio (from event counts) 0.01 (95% credible interval 0.00 to 0.15).
Lower values favor the treatment. "Clearly" means the 95% credible interval excludes no difference. These are averages across trials; they do not say how any one person will respond. Not medical advice.
Network of trials
Each circle is a treatment; each line joins treatments that were randomized against each other in at least one trial.
Effects compared with Placebo
Hazard ratio (from event counts). Lower values favor the treatment.
| Treatment | Bayesian HR (95% CrI) | 95% prediction interval | Frequentist HR (95% CI) | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin glargine INS_GLARGINE | 0.01 (0.00 to 0.15) | 0.00 to 0.16 | Better | |
| Insulin aspart (prandial) INS_ASPART | 0.06 (0.00 to 0.68) | 0.00 to 0.76 | Better | |
| Sulfonylurea OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | 0.08 (0.00 to 1.02) | 0.00 to 1.09 | Unclear | |
| Additional oad OTHER_ACTIVE_additional_OAD | 0.11 (0.00 to 1.22) | 0.00 to 1.33 | Unclear | |
| Dapagliflozin DAPAGLIFLOZIN | 0.14 (0.00 to 3.25) | 0.00 to 3.40 | Unclear | |
| Sitagliptin SITAGLIPTIN | 0.22 (0.06 to 0.63) | 0.05 to 0.73 | Better | |
| Standard care or no added treatment STANDARD_CARE | 0.56 (0.01 to 27.88) | 0.01 to 29.83 | Unclear | |
| Investigator choice oral drug OTHER_ACTIVE_investigator_choice_oral_drug | 0.61 (0.17 to 2.01) | 0.14 to 2.37 | Unclear | |
| Dulaglutide injection DULA_SC | 0.63 (0.12 to 2.59) | 0.10 to 2.92 | Unclear | |
| Insulin glargine with lixisenatide injection IGLARLIXI_SC | 0.65 (0.03 to 22.92) | 0.02 to 23.33 | Unclear | |
| Linagliptin LINAGLIPTIN | 0.72 (0.01 to 62.01) | 0.01 to 64.14 | Unclear | |
| Liraglutide and metformin injection LIRAMETF_SC | 0.74 (0.01 to 46.77) | 0.01 to 51.39 | Unclear | |
| Metformin METFORMIN | 0.74 (0.01 to 55.28) | 0.01 to 58.06 | Unclear | |
| Exenatide extended release injection EXENER_SC | 1.49 (0.60 to 3.52) | 0.47 to 4.34 | Unclear | |
| Tirzepatide injection TIRZ_SC | 2.16 (0.40 to 12.14) | 0.35 to 13.57 | Unclear | |
| Taspoglutide injection TASP_SC | 2.76 (0.49 to 14.91) | 0.43 to 16.49 | Unclear | |
| Semaglutide injection SEMA_SC | 3.63 (2.08 to 6.69) | 1.56 to 9.11 | Worse | |
| Liraglutide injection LIRA_SC | 3.89 (1.76 to 8.68) | 1.34 to 10.86 | Worse | |
| Efpe sc EFPE_SC | 3.90 (1.06 to 19.46) | 0.89 to 22.18 | Worse | |
| Insulin icodec with semaglutide injection ICOSEMA_SC | 3.92 (0.60 to 26.39) | 0.56 to 29.43 | Unclear | |
| Semaglutide tablet SEMA_PO | 4.11 (1.31 to 10.82) | 1.07 to 12.62 | Worse | |
| Safiglipron (HRS-7535) tablet SAFIGL_PO | 6.44 (0.72 to 119) | 0.64 to 127 | Unclear | |
| Lixisenatide injection LIXI_SC | 6.67 (1.54 to 33.12) | 1.27 to 36.65 | Worse | |
| Exenatide injection EXEN_SC | 7.37 (1.32 to 41.34) | 1.10 to 46.03 | Worse | |
| Danuglipron tablet DANU_PO | 8.01 (0.75 to 227) | 0.71 to 239 | Unclear |
Ranking
How likely each treatment is to be among the best. Rankings ignore the size of differences and their certainty, so read them with the effects above.
League table
Every treatment against every other: hazard ratio (from event counts) of the row treatment versus the column treatment, posterior median and 95% credible interval. Green: row clearly better; red: row clearly worse.
| Row versus column | PLACEBO | INS_GLARGINE | INS_ASPART | OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | OTHER_ACTIVE_additional_OAD | DAPAGLIFLOZIN | SITAGLIPTIN | STANDARD_CARE | OTHER_ACTIVE_investigator_choice_oral_drug | DULA_SC | IGLARLIXI_SC | LINAGLIPTIN | LIRAMETF_SC | METFORMIN | EXENER_SC | TIRZ_SC | TASP_SC | SEMA_SC | LIRA_SC | EFPE_SC | ICOSEMA_SC | SEMA_PO | SAFIGL_PO | LIXI_SC | EXEN_SC | DANU_PO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLACEBO | PLACEBO | 70.20 6.57 to 1714 | 16.45 1.47 to 507 | 12.18 0.98 to 486 | 8.88 0.82 to 363 | 7.35 0.31 to 382 | 4.62 1.59 to 16.17 | 1.79 0.04 to 156 | 1.63 0.50 to 5.82 | 1.58 0.39 to 8.31 | 1.53 0.04 to 38.13 | 1.40 0.02 to 187 | 1.36 0.02 to 144 | 1.36 0.02 to 157 | 0.67 0.28 to 1.67 | 0.46 0.08 to 2.51 | 0.36 0.07 to 2.03 | 0.28 0.15 to 0.48 | 0.26 0.12 to 0.57 | 0.26 0.05 to 0.95 | 0.25 0.04 to 1.67 | 0.24 0.09 to 0.76 | 0.16 0.01 to 1.39 | 0.15 0.03 to 0.65 | 0.14 0.02 to 0.76 | 0.12 0.00 to 1.32 |
| INS_GLARGINE | 0.01 0.00 to 0.15 | INS_GLARGINE | 0.24 0.00 to 14.40 | 0.18 0.00 to 13.67 | 0.13 0.00 to 11.31 | 0.10 0.00 to 10.95 | 0.07 0.00 to 0.96 | 0.02 0.00 to 4.30 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.31 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.23 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.43 | 0.02 0.00 to 4.84 | 0.02 0.00 to 3.73 | 0.02 0.00 to 4.03 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.11 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.12 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.09 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.04 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.04 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.06 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.08 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.04 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.06 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.04 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.04 | 0.00 0.00 to 0.05 |
| INS_ASPART | 0.06 0.00 to 0.68 | 4.25 0.07 to 238 | INS_ASPART | 0.75 0.01 to 65.06 | 0.57 0.01 to 42.36 | 0.44 0.00 to 48.95 | 0.28 0.01 to 4.11 | 0.10 0.00 to 17.64 | 0.10 0.00 to 1.54 | 0.10 0.00 to 1.84 | 0.09 0.00 to 5.61 | 0.08 0.00 to 21.54 | 0.08 0.00 to 15.40 | 0.08 0.00 to 17.87 | 0.04 0.00 to 0.50 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.53 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.43 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.17 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.20 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.24 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.32 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.23 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.26 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.16 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.16 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.26 |
| OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | 0.08 0.00 to 1.02 | 5.66 0.07 to 302 | 1.33 0.02 to 98.96 | OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | 0.75 0.01 to 57.53 | 0.58 0.00 to 59.49 | 0.38 0.01 to 6.22 | 0.14 0.00 to 26.88 | 0.13 0.00 to 1.85 | 0.13 0.00 to 2.51 | 0.12 0.00 to 7.58 | 0.11 0.00 to 32.19 | 0.10 0.00 to 23.93 | 0.11 0.00 to 24.99 | 0.06 0.00 to 0.72 | 0.04 0.00 to 0.76 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.63 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.28 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.24 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.37 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.47 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.29 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.41 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.23 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.25 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.37 |
| OTHER_ACTIVE_additional_OAD | 0.11 0.00 to 1.22 | 7.48 0.09 to 419 | 1.74 0.02 to 121 | 1.34 0.02 to 106 | OTHER_ACTIVE_additional_OAD | 0.75 0.01 to 90.32 | 0.53 0.01 to 7.39 | 0.18 0.00 to 30.73 | 0.18 0.00 to 2.72 | 0.18 0.00 to 3.28 | 0.16 0.00 to 10.02 | 0.14 0.00 to 39.12 | 0.14 0.00 to 30.17 | 0.14 0.00 to 31.78 | 0.08 0.00 to 0.91 | 0.05 0.00 to 1.01 | 0.04 0.00 to 0.78 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.31 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.36 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.47 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.55 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.41 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.51 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.30 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.30 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.41 |
| DAPAGLIFLOZIN | 0.14 0.00 to 3.25 | 9.76 0.09 to 914 | 2.28 0.02 to 226 | 1.73 0.02 to 207 | 1.34 0.01 to 165 | DAPAGLIFLOZIN | 0.63 0.01 to 20.38 | 0.23 0.00 to 60.87 | 0.22 0.00 to 7.23 | 0.22 0.00 to 8.17 | 0.19 0.00 to 18.84 | 0.18 0.00 to 62.96 | 0.17 0.00 to 52.34 | 0.18 0.00 to 59.29 | 0.09 0.00 to 2.62 | 0.06 0.00 to 2.38 | 0.05 0.00 to 1.85 | 0.04 0.00 to 0.95 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.94 | 0.03 0.00 to 1.10 | 0.03 0.00 to 1.46 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.99 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.29 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.70 | 0.02 0.00 to 0.71 | 0.01 0.00 to 0.93 |
| SITAGLIPTIN | 0.22 0.06 to 0.63 | 15.09 1.04 to 459 | 3.54 0.24 to 121 | 2.62 0.16 to 118 | 1.90 0.14 to 85.21 | 1.59 0.05 to 93.75 | SITAGLIPTIN | 0.38 0.01 to 36.73 | 0.35 0.07 to 1.62 | 0.34 0.05 to 2.33 | 0.32 0.01 to 9.81 | 0.30 0.00 to 46.80 | 0.29 0.00 to 32.01 | 0.29 0.00 to 40.84 | 0.15 0.04 to 0.50 | 0.10 0.01 to 0.70 | 0.08 0.02 to 0.27 | 0.06 0.02 to 0.16 | 0.06 0.01 to 0.18 | 0.05 0.01 to 0.30 | 0.05 0.01 to 0.42 | 0.05 0.01 to 0.22 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.38 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.18 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.20 | 0.03 0.00 to 0.35 |
| STANDARD_CARE | 0.56 0.01 to 27.88 | 41.23 0.23 to 6690 | 9.74 0.06 to 1793 | 7.31 0.04 to 1665 | 5.65 0.03 to 1180 | 4.36 0.02 to 1183 | 2.62 0.03 to 155 | STANDARD_CARE | 0.91 0.01 to 56.71 | 0.93 0.01 to 69.05 | 0.82 0.00 to 157 | 0.84 0.00 to 396 | 0.78 0.00 to 367 | 0.74 0.00 to 409 | 0.38 0.00 to 21.81 | 0.26 0.00 to 20.97 | 0.21 0.00 to 15.21 | 0.15 0.00 to 8.02 | 0.14 0.00 to 7.69 | 0.14 0.00 to 8.52 | 0.14 0.00 to 11.23 | 0.14 0.00 to 7.68 | 0.08 0.00 to 7.70 | 0.08 0.00 to 5.44 | 0.08 0.00 to 5.50 | 0.06 0.00 to 7.33 |
| OTHER_ACTIVE_investigator_choice_oral_drug | 0.61 0.17 to 2.01 | 43.11 3.22 to 1191 | 10.02 0.65 to 367 | 7.50 0.54 to 316 | 5.56 0.37 to 271 | 4.50 0.14 to 267 | 2.83 0.62 to 14.34 | 1.09 0.02 to 108 | OTHER_ACTIVE_investigator_choice_oral_drug | 0.96 0.19 to 6.47 | 0.93 0.02 to 29.53 | 0.86 0.01 to 137 | 0.81 0.01 to 96.49 | 0.83 0.01 to 110 | 0.41 0.11 to 1.43 | 0.29 0.03 to 2.19 | 0.22 0.03 to 1.57 | 0.17 0.04 to 0.56 | 0.16 0.06 to 0.39 | 0.15 0.02 to 0.97 | 0.15 0.02 to 1.28 | 0.15 0.04 to 0.58 | 0.09 0.00 to 1.15 | 0.09 0.01 to 0.61 | 0.08 0.01 to 0.68 | 0.08 0.00 to 1.05 |
| DULA_SC | 0.63 0.12 to 2.59 | 40.75 4.34 to 1117 | 10.18 0.54 to 409 | 7.62 0.40 to 364 | 5.71 0.30 to 287 | 4.54 0.12 to 283 | 2.91 0.43 to 18.34 | 1.08 0.01 to 127 | 1.04 0.15 to 5.40 | DULA_SC | 0.95 0.02 to 28.12 | 0.86 0.01 to 159 | 0.84 0.01 to 118 | 0.83 0.01 to 122 | 0.42 0.07 to 1.98 | 0.29 0.03 to 2.62 | 0.22 0.02 to 2.10 | 0.17 0.03 to 0.74 | 0.16 0.03 to 0.63 | 0.16 0.02 to 1.11 | 0.16 0.01 to 1.68 | 0.16 0.03 to 0.68 | 0.09 0.00 to 1.31 | 0.09 0.01 to 0.75 | 0.08 0.01 to 0.77 | 0.07 0.00 to 1.24 |
| IGLARLIXI_SC | 0.65 0.03 to 22.92 | 43.71 2.34 to 3372 | 11.52 0.18 to 1258 | 8.63 0.13 to 1308 | 6.44 0.10 to 918 | 5.24 0.05 to 872 | 3.13 0.10 to 124 | 1.22 0.01 to 320 | 1.07 0.03 to 44.34 | 1.06 0.04 to 45.90 | IGLARLIXI_SC | 1.02 0.00 to 306 | 0.93 0.00 to 287 | 0.92 0.00 to 334 | 0.45 0.02 to 16.37 | 0.31 0.01 to 15.29 | 0.24 0.01 to 10.99 | 0.18 0.01 to 6.12 | 0.17 0.01 to 6.08 | 0.16 0.00 to 7.47 | 0.17 0.00 to 8.33 | 0.16 0.01 to 6.61 | 0.10 0.00 to 6.18 | 0.10 0.00 to 4.40 | 0.09 0.00 to 4.37 | 0.08 0.00 to 5.65 |
| LINAGLIPTIN | 0.72 0.01 to 62.01 | 53.45 0.21 to 12008 | 12.73 0.05 to 3354 | 9.45 0.03 to 2623 | 7.26 0.03 to 2064 | 5.50 0.02 to 1921 | 3.36 0.02 to 335 | 1.20 0.00 to 693 | 1.17 0.01 to 119 | 1.17 0.01 to 133 | 0.98 0.00 to 272 | LINAGLIPTIN | 1.00 0.00 to 609 | 0.97 0.00 to 623 | 0.47 0.00 to 42.07 | 0.33 0.00 to 38.15 | 0.25 0.00 to 28.48 | 0.20 0.00 to 17.57 | 0.19 0.00 to 16.91 | 0.18 0.00 to 18.70 | 0.18 0.00 to 18.62 | 0.18 0.00 to 16.20 | 0.10 0.00 to 14.70 | 0.10 0.00 to 12.69 | 0.09 0.00 to 11.54 | 0.08 0.00 to 14.54 |
| LIRAMETF_SC | 0.74 0.01 to 46.77 | 54.89 0.27 to 11100 | 12.77 0.06 to 2672 | 9.81 0.04 to 2373 | 7.17 0.03 to 1639 | 5.73 0.02 to 1652 | 3.44 0.03 to 251 | 1.29 0.00 to 616 | 1.23 0.01 to 92.82 | 1.19 0.01 to 107 | 1.07 0.00 to 224 | 1.00 0.00 to 680 | LIRAMETF_SC | 0.99 0.00 to 508 | 0.50 0.00 to 35.39 | 0.34 0.00 to 32.88 | 0.26 0.00 to 25.81 | 0.20 0.00 to 13.81 | 0.19 0.00 to 12.95 | 0.18 0.00 to 14.53 | 0.19 0.00 to 18.53 | 0.18 0.00 to 13.22 | 0.11 0.00 to 13.26 | 0.11 0.00 to 8.76 | 0.10 0.00 to 8.75 | 0.08 0.00 to 11.59 |
| METFORMIN | 0.74 0.01 to 55.28 | 55.32 0.25 to 9926 | 13.14 0.06 to 2876 | 9.47 0.04 to 2531 | 7.26 0.03 to 1894 | 5.50 0.02 to 1970 | 3.51 0.02 to 295 | 1.35 0.00 to 647 | 1.21 0.01 to 101 | 1.21 0.01 to 122 | 1.09 0.00 to 214 | 1.03 0.00 to 730 | 1.01 0.00 to 514 | METFORMIN | 0.49 0.00 to 38.58 | 0.33 0.00 to 37.64 | 0.28 0.00 to 26.25 | 0.20 0.00 to 16.21 | 0.19 0.00 to 14.46 | 0.18 0.00 to 15.88 | 0.18 0.00 to 20.24 | 0.18 0.00 to 15.20 | 0.10 0.00 to 15.43 | 0.11 0.00 to 10.44 | 0.10 0.00 to 9.58 | 0.08 0.00 to 13.52 |
| EXENER_SC | 1.49 0.60 to 3.52 | 104 8.89 to 2756 | 24.16 1.98 to 830 | 17.92 1.39 to 775 | 13.25 1.10 to 644 | 10.95 0.38 to 602 | 6.80 2.02 to 28.18 | 2.66 0.05 to 248 | 2.42 0.70 to 8.90 | 2.37 0.50 to 13.93 | 2.23 0.06 to 58.05 | 2.12 0.02 to 298 | 1.98 0.03 to 221 | 2.03 0.03 to 259 | EXENER_SC | 0.69 0.10 to 4.36 | 0.54 0.09 to 3.29 | 0.41 0.17 to 0.86 | 0.38 0.16 to 0.91 | 0.38 0.06 to 1.85 | 0.38 0.05 to 2.67 | 0.36 0.12 to 1.27 | 0.23 0.01 to 2.47 | 0.22 0.03 to 1.23 | 0.20 0.03 to 1.32 | 0.18 0.01 to 2.24 |
| TIRZ_SC | 2.16 0.40 to 12.14 | 156 8.48 to 5319 | 36.46 1.87 to 1436 | 27.49 1.31 to 1399 | 20.27 0.99 to 1161 | 16.05 0.42 to 1158 | 10.19 1.43 to 76.02 | 3.83 0.05 to 483 | 3.50 0.46 to 30.16 | 3.51 0.38 to 37.08 | 3.25 0.07 to 130 | 3.05 0.03 to 547 | 2.96 0.03 to 430 | 3.00 0.03 to 474 | 1.45 0.23 to 9.66 | TIRZ_SC | 0.77 0.08 to 7.93 | 0.60 0.11 to 3.14 | 0.55 0.09 to 3.64 | 0.54 0.05 to 5.04 | 0.54 0.05 to 6.57 | 0.52 0.08 to 4.18 | 0.32 0.01 to 5.47 | 0.32 0.03 to 3.27 | 0.29 0.03 to 3.61 | 0.26 0.01 to 4.99 |
| TASP_SC | 2.76 0.49 to 14.91 | 198 10.58 to 7263 | 45.75 2.35 to 2044 | 35.38 1.59 to 1937 | 25.41 1.28 to 1272 | 20.66 0.54 to 1385 | 12.55 3.72 to 52.90 | 4.81 0.07 to 574 | 4.50 0.64 to 32.34 | 4.52 0.48 to 45.32 | 4.20 0.09 to 155 | 3.96 0.04 to 761 | 3.87 0.04 to 474 | 3.63 0.04 to 605 | 1.84 0.30 to 11.59 | 1.29 0.13 to 13.10 | TASP_SC | 0.76 0.14 to 3.97 | 0.70 0.12 to 4.42 | 0.69 0.07 to 6.02 | 0.71 0.06 to 7.83 | 0.67 0.10 to 4.78 | 0.42 0.01 to 6.65 | 0.41 0.04 to 3.79 | 0.37 0.04 to 4.04 | 0.32 0.01 to 6.25 |
| SEMA_SC | 3.63 2.08 to 6.69 | 259 23.18 to 6447 | 58.39 6.06 to 1858 | 44.05 3.52 to 1808 | 32.56 3.19 to 1329 | 27.08 1.05 to 1369 | 16.66 6.37 to 58.68 | 6.61 0.12 to 648 | 5.89 1.78 to 22.79 | 5.81 1.35 to 32.91 | 5.56 0.16 to 141 | 5.05 0.06 to 700 | 4.96 0.07 to 534 | 5.02 0.06 to 630 | 2.44 1.16 to 5.91 | 1.68 0.32 to 9.37 | 1.32 0.25 to 7.02 | SEMA_SC | 0.93 0.39 to 2.33 | 0.93 0.17 to 4.13 | 0.94 0.14 to 5.79 | 0.88 0.31 to 3.25 | 0.57 0.03 to 5.56 | 0.55 0.10 to 2.68 | 0.50 0.08 to 3.14 | 0.45 0.01 to 5.10 |
| LIRA_SC | 3.89 1.76 to 8.68 | 278 24.88 to 7212 | 63.89 5.06 to 2171 | 46.60 4.13 to 1730 | 35.23 2.81 to 1606 | 28.71 1.06 to 1580 | 17.87 5.48 to 71.43 | 6.98 0.13 to 650 | 6.32 2.58 to 17.09 | 6.14 1.59 to 33.32 | 6.02 0.16 to 161 | 5.37 0.06 to 851 | 5.26 0.08 to 576 | 5.34 0.07 to 693 | 2.63 1.10 to 6.45 | 1.81 0.27 to 11.37 | 1.42 0.23 to 8.34 | 1.07 0.43 to 2.54 | LIRA_SC | 1.00 0.16 to 4.71 | 0.99 0.13 to 6.90 | 0.94 0.43 to 2.57 | 0.60 0.03 to 6.14 | 0.59 0.10 to 3.04 | 0.54 0.08 to 3.54 | 0.48 0.02 to 5.82 |
| EFPE_SC | 3.90 1.06 to 19.46 | 288 17.99 to 9844 | 67.54 4.12 to 2760 | 50.49 2.71 to 2423 | 36.68 2.12 to 2051 | 30.95 0.91 to 1940 | 18.41 3.33 to 138 | 7.07 0.12 to 786 | 6.49 1.03 to 49.96 | 6.32 0.90 to 65.07 | 6.15 0.13 to 223 | 5.66 0.05 to 926 | 5.41 0.07 to 665 | 5.52 0.06 to 760 | 2.66 0.54 to 16.80 | 1.86 0.20 to 19.75 | 1.45 0.17 to 14.77 | 1.08 0.24 to 5.87 | 1.00 0.21 to 6.16 | EFPE_SC | 1.02 0.10 to 11.47 | 0.96 0.19 to 6.44 | 0.62 0.03 to 9.06 | 0.59 0.07 to 5.40 | 0.54 0.06 to 5.90 | 0.49 0.01 to 8.26 |
| ICOSEMA_SC | 3.92 0.60 to 26.39 | 286 12.98 to 10620 | 65.25 3.11 to 3232 | 49.19 2.12 to 2943 | 35.87 1.80 to 2165 | 29.53 0.68 to 2154 | 18.30 2.36 to 167 | 7.06 0.09 to 920 | 6.45 0.78 to 58.56 | 6.35 0.60 to 77.78 | 5.89 0.12 to 237 | 5.50 0.05 to 975 | 5.29 0.05 to 821 | 5.45 0.05 to 840 | 2.64 0.37 to 20.52 | 1.85 0.15 to 21.79 | 1.40 0.13 to 17.66 | 1.06 0.17 to 6.90 | 1.01 0.14 to 7.55 | 0.98 0.09 to 9.75 | ICOSEMA_SC | 0.96 0.13 to 8.47 | 0.60 0.02 to 11.30 | 0.57 0.05 to 6.68 | 0.53 0.04 to 7.29 | 0.47 0.01 to 9.91 |
| SEMA_PO | 4.11 1.31 to 10.82 | 287 22.66 to 7562 | 66.14 4.32 to 2361 | 49.71 3.43 to 2053 | 37.28 2.46 to 1667 | 30.01 1.01 to 1706 | 19.04 4.49 to 84.65 | 7.21 0.13 to 740 | 6.69 1.72 to 22.79 | 6.38 1.48 to 36.24 | 6.22 0.15 to 162 | 5.71 0.06 to 802 | 5.51 0.08 to 610 | 5.41 0.07 to 734 | 2.79 0.79 to 8.31 | 1.91 0.24 to 12.56 | 1.50 0.21 to 9.56 | 1.13 0.31 to 3.17 | 1.06 0.39 to 2.31 | 1.04 0.16 to 5.29 | 1.04 0.12 to 7.92 | SEMA_PO | 0.62 0.03 to 6.58 | 0.60 0.09 to 3.38 | 0.55 0.08 to 3.80 | 0.50 0.01 to 6.40 |
| SAFIGL_PO | 6.44 0.72 to 119 | 503 18.05 to 33373 | 119 3.82 to 7962 | 90.27 2.45 to 7335 | 66.14 1.94 to 5994 | 46.38 3.44 to 3494 | 30.73 2.64 to 687 | 12.60 0.13 to 2119 | 10.66 0.87 to 272 | 10.63 0.76 to 288 | 10.38 0.16 to 648 | 9.81 0.07 to 2701 | 9.29 0.08 to 2031 | 9.85 0.06 to 2153 | 4.43 0.41 to 90.41 | 3.15 0.18 to 82.78 | 2.40 0.15 to 69.89 | 1.77 0.18 to 34.17 | 1.65 0.16 to 33.06 | 1.62 0.11 to 38.78 | 1.67 0.09 to 51.99 | 1.62 0.15 to 36.65 | SAFIGL_PO | 0.98 0.06 to 25.27 | 0.90 0.05 to 26.13 | 0.82 0.01 to 34.04 |
| LIXI_SC | 6.67 1.54 to 33.12 | 489 27.39 to 17218 | 115 6.24 to 4918 | 86.01 4.28 to 4471 | 62.81 3.34 to 3223 | 50.36 1.43 to 3583 | 31.42 5.44 to 229 | 12.16 0.18 to 1291 | 11.06 1.64 to 78.96 | 10.99 1.34 to 103 | 10.23 0.23 to 365 | 9.68 0.08 to 1520 | 9.38 0.11 to 1365 | 9.01 0.10 to 1510 | 4.44 0.82 to 28.88 | 3.14 0.31 to 31.75 | 2.45 0.26 to 23.60 | 1.81 0.37 to 10.15 | 1.70 0.33 to 10.37 | 1.70 0.19 to 13.75 | 1.75 0.15 to 19.24 | 1.67 0.30 to 11.29 | 1.02 0.04 to 15.77 | LIXI_SC | 0.90 0.42 to 2.26 | 0.81 0.02 to 14.87 |
| EXEN_SC | 7.37 1.32 to 41.34 | 533 26.47 to 21028 | 123 6.09 to 5603 | 97.34 3.93 to 4895 | 69.07 3.35 to 3902 | 54.94 1.42 to 4267 | 34.63 5.06 to 281 | 12.77 0.18 to 1457 | 11.95 1.47 to 96.18 | 12.12 1.29 to 119 | 11.11 0.23 to 429 | 10.70 0.09 to 1844 | 10.17 0.11 to 1547 | 9.75 0.10 to 1627 | 4.90 0.76 to 35.24 | 3.44 0.28 to 36.63 | 2.70 0.25 to 28.50 | 2.01 0.32 to 12.49 | 1.87 0.28 to 12.42 | 1.86 0.17 to 15.80 | 1.89 0.14 to 23.36 | 1.82 0.26 to 13.27 | 1.12 0.04 to 19.06 | 1.11 0.44 to 2.40 | EXEN_SC | 0.88 0.02 to 16.47 |
| DANU_PO | 8.01 0.75 to 227 | 639 19.36 to 50720 | 150 3.83 to 13874 | 112 2.69 to 12494 | 85.83 2.43 to 9729 | 67.49 1.07 to 10357 | 39.03 2.83 to 1317 | 16.06 0.14 to 3309 | 13.31 0.95 to 456 | 13.63 0.81 to 528 | 13.25 0.18 to 1290 | 13.10 0.07 to 4138 | 12.57 0.09 to 3223 | 12.43 0.07 to 3646 | 5.45 0.45 to 178 | 3.82 0.20 to 158 | 3.08 0.16 to 127 | 2.22 0.20 to 67.45 | 2.10 0.17 to 65.96 | 2.02 0.12 to 77.34 | 2.12 0.10 to 106 | 2.02 0.16 to 70.21 | 1.21 0.03 to 66.67 | 1.24 0.07 to 46.37 | 1.14 0.06 to 46.03 | DANU_PO |
Heterogeneity, fit and convergence
Bayesian random effects (primary)
Inconsistency
Do trials comparing two treatments directly agree with the indirect evidence through other treatments?
No comparison here has both direct and indirect evidence, so inconsistency cannot be checked by node splitting.
Small study effects
A comparison adjusted funnel plot: each point is one trial comparison, centered on its own network estimate. Asymmetry can signal that small trials with unfavorable results are missing.
Fewer than ten trial comparisons, too few to judge funnel plot asymmetry.
Baseline characteristics of the trials
The baseline value of each effect modifier or prognostic factor that applies here, per trial: mean or percent over arms, weighted by the number randomized. A note under a value names a stand in (a median for a mean, 100 minus the male share, Asian subgroup rows, an all Asian site list); "not reported" means no source of the trial prints it.
| Trial | Sex (percent female) effect modifier, prognostic factor; 41 of 43 | Asian ancestry or region (percent Asian) effect modifier, prognostic factor; 38 of 43 |
|---|---|---|
| NCT00754988 S000027 | 44.91 | 8.82 |
| PIONEER 4 S000133 | 48 | 13.4 |
| COMBINE 2 S000155 | 41.87 | 27.65 |
| STEP HFpEF DM S000161 | 44.33 | 12.31 |
| NCT01476475 S000191 | 48.92 | 0.62 |
| OUTSTAND-1 S000213 | 33.09 | 100 |
| NCT01001104 S000232 | 26.19 | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| PIONEER 10 S000234 | 25.74 | 100 |
| AWARD-7 S000237 | 47.69 | 3.01 |
| NCT01584232 S000246 | 28.51 | 100 |
| SUSTAIN™ 3 S000329 | 44.53 | not reported |
| NCT01029886 S000352 | 45.49 | 12 |
| SUSTAIN 11 S000363 | 48.86 | 19.55 |
| NCT00976937 S000415 | 59.9 100 minus male share | 0.6 |
| SUSTAIN 9 S000483 | 41.72 | 23.51 |
| LIRA-PRIME S000508 | 47.55 | 14.6 |
| NCT06589765 S000558 | 35.68 | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| GetGoal-Duo1 S000792 | 50.22 | 19.5 |
| NCT01558271 S000837 | 19 | 98.98 |
| SUSTAIN™1 S000878 | 45.62 | 21.4 |
| LIRA-Ramadan™ S000963 | 50.75 | 45.14 |
| NCT02200991 S001003 | 37.5 100 minus male share | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| LIRA-SWITCH™ S001119 | 40.5 | not reported |
| NCT05514535 S001161 | 44.19 | 9.61 |
| SUSTAIN S001311 | 42.5 | 85.03 |
| NCT04552470 S001336 | 13.51 | 100 |
| GETGOAL-X S001439 | 46.32 | 1.1 |
| SUSTAIN™ S001498 | 28.47 | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| NCT05486065 S001555 | 48.69 | 1.49 |
| SUSTAIN™ 5 S001872 | 43.83 | 16.67 |
| SUSTAIN™ 2 S001876 | not reported | 25.1 |
| LIRAFLAME S001895 | 15.7 | not reported |
| AMPLITUDE-M S002081 | 46.06 | not reported |
| Lixilan-L-CN S002110 | 41.81 100 minus male share | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| NCT03311724 S002256 | 40.54 | 3.6 |
| S002946 S002946 | 18.7 100 minus male share | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| S003041 S003041 | 28.57 | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| S003070 S003070 | 16.67 | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| S003071 S003071 | 34.35 | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| S003079 S003079 | not reported | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| S003108 S003108 | 50 100 minus male share | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| S003426 S003426 | 62.05 | 100 region: all sites in Asia |
| S003442 S003442 | 100 | not reported |
Comparability of the trials
Checked across designs (the set of treatments each trial compares) for eligibility, outcome definition and assessment, and the baseline factors above. Flags point to possible intransitivity; notes describe variation that is not tied to design.
- FlagBaseline, Sex: design means range from 13.5 (DANU_PO vs PLACEBO) to 62.1 (SEMA_SC vs TIRZ_SC) percent female; threshold 15
- FlagBaseline, Asian ancestry or region: design means range from 1.1 (EXEN_SC vs LIXI_SC) to 100.0 (DANU_PO vs PLACEBO) percent Asian; threshold 30
- FlagEligibility, hba1c entry range: a design requires hba1c 9 or more while another admits only 8 or less
- NoteOutcome assessment, time point: selected time points span 2 to 156 weeks
- NoteOutcome assessment, analysis set: mixed: completers 1, modified_itt 2, other 2, randomized 4, safety 34
- NoteOutcome assessment, definition: mixed: ADA severe hypoglycemia 1, gastrointestinal adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation 1, hypoglycemia adverse event, definition not stated 1, hypoglycemia requiring medical assistance 1, hypoglycemia requiring third party assistance 1, level 3 severe hypoglycemia 1, mild hypoglycemia, undefined 1, not stated 26, severe hypoglycemia 1, severe hypoglycemia by ADA classification 1, severe hypoglycemia needing assistance of another person 1, Severe symptomatic hypoglycemia 1, severe symptomatic hypoglycemia needing assistance 1, severe symptomatic needing assistance with glucose below 2.0 mmol/L or prompt recovery 1, severe, assistance of another person required 1, severe, needing assistance of another person 1, symptomatic hypoglycemia confirmed below 3.3 mmol/L 1, Zero implied by no hypoglycemia of any kind 1
- NoteOutcome assessment, proportion method: mixed: not stated 41, observed 2
- NoteOutcome assessment, intercurrent events (discontinuation): mixed: hypothetical 1, not stated 41, while_on_treatment 1
- NoteOutcome assessment, intercurrent events (rescue): mixed: hypothetical 2, not stated 40, treatment_policy 1
- NoteRisk of bias, blinding: mixed: double_blind 20, not_reported 1, open_label 19, single_blind 3
- NoteRisk of bias, funding: mixed: industry 35, mixed 1, non_industry 5, not_reported 2
- NoteData handling, input conversions: arms_combined 16, count_from_percent 2, printed_denominator 4
| Trial | time weeks | analysis set | definition | instrument | adjudicated | proportion method | intercurrent events (discontinuation) | intercurrent events (rescue) | blinding | funding | start year | Eligibility |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00754988 | 156 | safety | hypoglycemia adverse event, definition not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2008 | age 18 to 75; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent; BMI 25 (23 Asian) to 45; metformin at least 1500 mg |
| PIONEER 4 | 52 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2016 | Age 18 or older; T2D on metformin with or without SGLT2i; HbA1c 7.0 to 9.5 percent; eGFR 60 or more |
| COMBINE 2 | 57 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2022 | adults T2D on GLP-1 RA with or without oral drugs; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent |
| STEP HFpEF DM | 52 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2021 | age 18 or older; heart failure with LVEF 45% or more; BMI 30 or more; type 2 diabetes with HbA1c 10% or less |
| NCT01476475 | 24 | safety | Severe symptomatic hypoglycemia | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2011 | Adults with T2D; HbA1c 7 to 10 percent on metformin at least 1.5 g/day; insulin naive |
| OUTSTAND-1 | 32 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2024 | age 18 to 75; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent; BMI 19.0 to 40.0; diet and exercise only |
| NCT01001104 | 16 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2009 | Japanese T2D age 20 to 74; BMI 18.5 to 40; HbA1c 7.0 to 9.5 percent after lead in |
| PIONEER 10 | 52 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | while_on_treatment | treatment_policy | single_blind | industry | 2017 | Japanese adults 20 or older; T2D; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent on one oral glucose lowering drug |
| AWARD-7 | 52 | safety | severe hypoglycemia needing assistance of another person | not stated | not stated | not stated | hypothetical | hypothetical | single_blind | industry | 2012 | adults with T2D and CKD stage 3 to 4 (eGFR 15 to below 60); HbA1c 7.5 to 10.5 percent on insulin; maximal ACEI or ARB; BMI 23 to 45 |
| NCT01584232 | 26 | safety | severe, needing assistance of another person | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | hypothetical | open_label | industry | 2012 | Japanese adults 20 years or older; BMI 18.5 to less than 35 kg/m2; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent; on sulfonylurea and/or biguanide |
| SUSTAIN™ 3 | 56 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | observed | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2013 | age 18 or older; T2D on stable 1 to 2 oral drugs; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent; eGFR 60 or more |
| NCT01029886 | 26 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2010 | adults 18 or older with type 2 diabetes on oral agents, HbA1c 7.1 to 11.0 percent, BMI 45 or less |
| SUSTAIN 11 | 52 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2018 | adults; HbA1c above 7.5 to 10.0 percent on insulin glargine plus metformin |
| NCT00976937 | 24 | safety | severe symptomatic hypoglycemia needing assistance | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2009 | age 18 to under 50; BMI 30 or more; HbA1c 7.0 to 10 percent; metformin at least 1.5 g/day |
| SUSTAIN 9 | 36 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2017 | adults 18 or older (20 in Japan); HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent; stable SGLT2i with or without metformin or SU |
| LIRA-PRIME | 105 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2016 | adults; HbA1c 7.5 to 9.0 percent; stable metformin monotherapy |
| NCT06589765 | 52 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2024 | age 18 to 75; HbA1c 7.5 to 11.0 percent; BMI 19 to 40; metformin monotherapy; eGFR 45 or more |
| GetGoal-Duo1 | 24 | safety | symptomatic hypoglycemia confirmed below 3.3 mmol/L | not stated | not stated | observed | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2009 | T2D on metformin 1.5 g or more with or without SU, glinide or TZD, HbA1c 7 to 10, BMI over 20; HbA1c 7 to 9 after run in |
| NCT01558271 | 52 | safety | severe, assistance of another person required | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2012 | Japanese; age 20 or more; BMI 18.5 to 35; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent; OAM naive or OAM stopped |
| SUSTAIN™1 | 35 | safety | severe hypoglycemia by ADA classification | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2014 | age 18 or older (20 in Japan); HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent; drug naive on diet and exercise; eGFR 30 or more |
| LIRA-Ramadan™ | 30 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2014 | age 18 to 80; HbA1c 7 to 10 percent; BMI 20 or more; metformin plus sulfonylurea; intent to fast in Ramadan |
| NCT02200991 | 4.43 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2014 | age 20 to 75; T2D 5 years or more; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0; FBG 180 mg/dL or less; stable glargine |
| LIRA-SWITCH™ | 27 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2013 | age 18 or more; HbA1c 7.5 to 9.5 percent; BMI 20 or more; on sitagliptin 100 mg and metformin for 90 days or more |
| NCT05514535 | 45 | safety | level 3 severe hypoglycemia | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2022 | adults with T2D, BMI 25 or more, HbA1c 7 to 10 percent, basal insulin up to 40 U/day plus metformin with or without SGLT2i |
| SUSTAIN | 30 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2017 | Adults 18 or older, HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent on metformin monotherapy, eGFR 60 or more |
| NCT04552470 | 12 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2020 | Japanese adults 20 to 70, diet and exercise only, HbA1c 7 to 10.5 percent, BMI 22.5 to 45.4 |
| GETGOAL-X | 24 | safety | severe symptomatic needing assistance with glucose below 2.0 mmol/L or prompt recovery | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2008 | age 21 to 84; HbA1c 7 to 10 percent; metformin at least 1.5 g/day |
| SUSTAIN™ | 62 | safety | gastrointestinal adverse events leading to treatment discontinuation | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2014 | Japanese adults 20 or older; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent; diet and exercise or OAD monotherapy; eGFR 30 or more |
| NCT05486065 | 49 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2022 | age 18 to 64; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5; BMI 27 or more; on metformin |
| SUSTAIN™ 5 | 35 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2014 | age 18 or older (20 in Japan); HbA1c 7.0 to 10.0 percent; stable basal insulin with or without metformin; eGFR 30 or more |
| SUSTAIN™ 2 | 56 | safety | ADA severe hypoglycemia | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2013 | type 2 diabetes on metformin and or thiazolidinedione; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent |
| LIRAFLAME | 26 | other | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | mixed | 2017 | T2D; age above 50; HbA1c 48 mmol/mol or more; eGFR 30 or more |
| AMPLITUDE-M | 56 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2017 | type 2 diabetes on diet and exercise, HbA1c 7 to 10 percent, no glucose lowering drug in prior 3 months |
| Lixilan-L-CN | 30 | safety | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2019 | Chinese adults; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5 percent; basal insulin 10 to 25 U/day with up to 2 oral drugs; FPG at most 8.9 mmol/L |
| NCT03311724 | 12 | modified_itt | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | double_blind | industry | 2017 | age 18 to 75; T2D at least 6 months; HbA1c 7.0 to 10.5%; BMI 23 to 45; diet or stable metformin |
| S002946 | 26 | randomized | Zero implied by no hypoglycemia of any kind | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | not_reported | 2020 | age over 20; T2D on liraglutide 0.6 or 0.9 mg; no new diabetes drug for 3 months |
| S003041 | 2 | randomized | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | industry | 2014 | Japanese; age 40 to 70; BMI below 30; HbA1c 6.0 to 8.5 percent |
| S003070 | 2 | completers | severe hypoglycemia | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | not_reported | newly diagnosed hospitalized T2D; age 25 to 70; HbA1c 9 to 14 percent; BMI 25 to 35 | |
| S003071 | 24 | randomized | hypoglycemia requiring third party assistance | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | 2010 | age 18 to under 80; HbA1c 6.9 to 9.4 percent NGSP; BMI 35 or less; on sulfonylurea |
| S003079 | 5 | safety | hypoglycemia requiring medical assistance | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | 2010 | age 18 to 80, HbA1c 7.5 to 12 percent, BMI 21 to 35, T2D at least 6 months |
| S003108 | 24 | randomized | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | single_blind | non_industry | 2012 | T2D with coronary artery disease; no severe heart failure; creatinine up to 150 umol/L |
| S003426 | 24 | safety | mild hypoglycemia, undefined | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | open_label | non_industry | adults with type 2 diabetes; HbA1c 6.5 to 8.0 percent; BMI 30 to 35; stable metformin and empagliflozin | |
| S003442 | 24 | other | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not stated | not_reported | non_industry | 2019 | Women with T2D by ADA criteria; no weight loss drugs within 24 weeks |
Trial data
What each trial contributes. Arm rows give the arm value with its standard error, or events over participants; contrast rows give the hazard ratio (from event counts) on the analysis scale (log) against the trial's first row. Flags mark converted, combined or approximated inputs.
| Trial | Arm | Treatment | Week | Data | Value | SE | Events / N | Flags | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00754988 | A2+A3 | TASP_SC | 156 | arm, events | 73 / 388 | arms_combined | R0022521:Table 2 | ||
| NCT00754988 | A4 | SITAGLIPTIN | 156 | arm, events | 3 / 185 | R0022521:Table 2 | |||
| PIONEER 4 | A1 | SEMA_PO | 52 | arm, events | 22 / 285 | R0015836:Table 3 | |||
| PIONEER 4 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 52 | arm, events | 17 / 284 | R0015836:Table 3 | |||
| PIONEER 4 | A3 | PLACEBO | 52 | arm, events | 3 / 142 | R0015836:Table 3 | |||
| COMBINE 2 | A1 | ICOSEMA_SC | 57 | arm, events | 3 / 342 | R0005851:Results | |||
| COMBINE 2 | A2 | SEMA_SC | 57 | arm, events | 2 / 341 | R0005851:Results | |||
| STEP HFpEF DM | A1 | SEMA_SC | 52 | arm, events | 20 / 310 | R0020223:Table 3 | |||
| STEP HFpEF DM | A2 | PLACEBO | 52 | arm, events | 9 / 306 | R0020223:Table 3 | |||
| NCT01476475 | A1 | IGLARLIXI_SC | 24 | arm, events | 2 / 161 | R0021236:p5 | |||
| NCT01476475 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 162 | R0021236:p5 | |||
| OUTSTAND-1 | A1+A2+A3 | SAFIGL_PO | 32 | arm, events | 5 / 212 | arms_combined | R0011607:Table 3 | ||
| OUTSTAND-1 | A4 | PLACEBO | 32 | arm, events | 0 / 72 | R0011607:Table 3 | |||
| NCT01001104 | A1 | PLACEBO | 16 | arm, events | 0 / 37 | R0015000:Results | |||
| NCT01001104 | A2+A3+A4 | DULA_SC | 16 | arm, events | 0 / 108 | arms_combined | R0015000:Results | ||
| PIONEER 10 | A1+A2+A3 | SEMA_PO | 52 | arm, events | 11 / 393 | arms_combined | R0018421:Table 2 | ||
| PIONEER 10 | A4 | DULA_SC | 52 | arm, events | 1 / 65 | R0018421:Table 2 | |||
| AWARD-7 | A1 | INS_GLARGINE | 52 | arm, events | 0 / 194 | R0017387:Results | |||
| AWARD-7 | A2+A3 | DULA_SC | 52 | arm, events | 17 / 383 | arms_combined | R0017387:Results | ||
| NCT01584232 | A1 | DULA_SC | 26 | arm, events | 1 / 181 | R0016159:Results | |||
| NCT01584232 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 26 | arm, events | 0 / 180 | R0016159:Results | |||
| SUSTAIN™ 3 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 56 | arm, events | 24 / 406 | count_from_percent | R0013158:Supplement Table S4 | ||
| SUSTAIN™ 3 | A2 | EXENER_SC | 56 | arm, events | 12 / 407 | count_from_percent | R0013158:Supplement Table S4 | ||
| NCT01029886 | A1 | EXENER_SC | 26 | arm, events | 6 / 461 | R0011287:Table 3 | |||
| NCT01029886 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, events | 18 / 451 | R0011287:Table 3 | |||
| SUSTAIN 11 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 52 | arm, events | 15 / 874 | R0022346:Table 3 | |||
| SUSTAIN 11 | A2 | INS_ASPART | 52 | arm, events | 0 / 874 | R0022346:Table 3 | |||
| NCT00976937 | A1 | LIXI_SC | 24 | arm, events | 1 / 158 | R0012687:Table 2 | |||
| NCT00976937 | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 161 | R0012687:Table 2 | |||
| SUSTAIN 9 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 36 | arm, events | 10 / 151 | R0021710:Table 2 | |||
| SUSTAIN 9 | A2 | PLACEBO | 36 | arm, events | 0 / 151 | R0021710:Table 2 | |||
| LIRA-PRIME | A1 | LIRA_SC | 105 | arm, events | 54 / 996 | R0022482:Supplement Table S7 | |||
| LIRA-PRIME | A2 | OTHER_ACTIVE_investigator_choice_oral_drug | 105 | arm, events | 9 / 995 | R0022482:Supplement Table S7 | |||
| NCT06589765 | A1+A2+A3 | SAFIGL_PO | 52 | arm, events | 20 / 608 | arms_combined | R0029347:Table 3 | ||
| NCT06589765 | A4 | DAPAGLIFLOZIN | 52 | arm, events | 0 / 202 | R0029347:Table 3 | |||
| GetGoal-Duo1 | A1 | PLACEBO | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 223 | R0026107:Results | |||
| GetGoal-Duo1 | A2 | LIXI_SC | 24 | arm, events | 10 / 223 | R0026107:Results | |||
| NCT01558271 | A1 | DULA_SC | 52 | arm, events | 1 / 281 | R0011754:Results | |||
| NCT01558271 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 52 | arm, events | 4 / 141 | R0011754:Results | |||
| SUSTAIN™1 | A1+A2 | SEMA_SC | 35 | arm, events | 9 / 259 | arms_combined | R0021710:Table 2 | ||
| SUSTAIN™1 | A3 | PLACEBO | 35 | arm, events | 1 / 129 | R0021710:Table 2 | |||
| LIRA-Ramadan™ | A1 | LIRA_SC | 30 | arm, events | 11 / 172 | R0025756:Supplement Table S2 | |||
| LIRA-Ramadan™ | A2 | OTHER_ACTIVE_sulfonylurea | 30 | arm, events | 0 / 171 | R0025756:Supplement Table S2 | |||
| NCT02200991 | A1 | LIXI_SC | 4.43 | arm, events | 2 / 69 | R0024589:Results | |||
| NCT02200991 | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 4.43 | arm, events | 0 / 67 | R0024589:Results | |||
| LIRA-SWITCH™ | A1 | LIRA_SC | 27 | arm, events | 9 / 203 | R0025720:Results | |||
| LIRA-SWITCH™ | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 27 | arm, events | 0 / 204 | R0025720:Results | |||
| NCT05514535 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 45 | arm, events | 4 / 288 | R0015842:Table 2 | |||
| NCT05514535 | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 45 | arm, events | 0 / 285 | R0015842:Table 2 | |||
| SUSTAIN | A1+A2 | SEMA_SC | 30 | arm, events | 31 / 578 | arms_combined | R0014802:Table 3 | ||
| SUSTAIN | A3 | SITAGLIPTIN | 30 | arm, events | 1 / 290 | R0014802:Table 3 | |||
| NCT04552470 | A1 | PLACEBO | 12 | arm, events | 0 / 9 | R0004540:Results | |||
| NCT04552470 | A2+A3+A4 | DANU_PO | 12 | arm, events | 6 / 28 | arms_combined | R0004540:Results | ||
| GETGOAL-X | A1 | LIXI_SC | 24 | arm, events | 20 / 320 | R0022279:Results | |||
| GETGOAL-X | A2 | EXEN_SC | 24 | arm, events | 24 / 319 | R0022279:Results | |||
| SUSTAIN™ | A1+A2 | SEMA_SC | 62 | arm, events | 25 / 480 | arms_combined | R0025024:Figure 1 | ||
| SUSTAIN™ | A3 | OTHER_ACTIVE_additional_OAD | 62 | arm, events | 0 / 121 | R0025024:Figure 1 | |||
| NCT05486065 | A1+A2+A3 | SEMA_SC | 49 | arm, events | 21 / 185 | arms_combined | R0005510:Supplement Table 5 | ||
| NCT05486065 | A4 | PLACEBO | 49 | arm, events | 0 / 60 | R0005510:Supplement Table 5 | |||
| SUSTAIN™ 5 | A1+A2 | SEMA_SC | 35 | arm, events | 9 / 264 | arms_combined | R0021710:Table 2 | ||
| SUSTAIN™ 5 | A3 | PLACEBO | 35 | arm, events | 0 / 133 | R0021710:Table 2 | |||
| SUSTAIN™ 2 | A1+A2 | SEMA_SC | 56 | arm, events | 58 / 818 | printed_denominator;arms_combined | R0021710:Table 2 | ||
| SUSTAIN™ 2 | A3 | SITAGLIPTIN | 56 | arm, events | 3 / 407 | printed_denominator | R0021710:Table 2 | ||
| LIRAFLAME | A1 | LIRA_SC | 26 | arm, events | 7 / 51 | R0010519:Results | |||
| LIRAFLAME | A2 | PLACEBO | 26 | arm, events | 0 / 51 | R0010519:Results | |||
| AMPLITUDE-M | A1+A2+A3 | EFPE_SC | 56 | arm, events | 24 / 304 | arms_combined | R0007136:Table 2 | ||
| AMPLITUDE-M | A4 | PLACEBO | 56 | arm, events | 2 / 102 | R0007136:Table 2 | |||
| Lixilan-L-CN | A1 | IGLARLIXI_SC | 30 | arm, events | 2 / 212 | R0014540:Results | |||
| Lixilan-L-CN | A2 | INS_GLARGINE | 30 | arm, events | 0 / 214 | R0014540:Results | |||
| NCT03311724 | A1 | PLACEBO | 12 | arm, events | 0 / 26 | R0010282:Results | |||
| NCT03311724 | A2+A3+A4 | TIRZ_SC | 12 | arm, events | 2 / 85 | arms_combined | R0010282:Results | ||
| S002946 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 26 | arm, events | 1 / 16 | R0006360:Supplement Table S2 | |||
| S002946 | A2 | DULA_SC | 26 | arm, events | 0 / 16 | R0006360:Supplement Table S2 | |||
| S003041 | A1 | LINAGLIPTIN | 2 | arm, events | 0 / 18 | R0020035:Supplement Figure S1 | |||
| S003041 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 2 | arm, events | 0 / 17 | R0020035:Supplement Figure S1 | |||
| S003070 | A1 | STANDARD_CARE | 2 | arm, events | 0 / 30 | R0024678:p5 | |||
| S003070 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 2 | arm, events | 0 / 30 | R0024678:p5 | |||
| S003071 | A1 | LIRA_SC | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 50 | R0023696:Results | |||
| S003071 | A2 | SITAGLIPTIN | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 49 | R0023696:Results | |||
| S003079 | A1 | EXEN_SC | 5 | arm, events | 0 / 18 | R0025923:Results | |||
| S003079 | A2 | STANDARD_CARE | 5 | arm, events | 0 / 18 | R0025923:Results | |||
| S003108 | A1+A3 | LIRA_SC | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 60 | arms_combined | R0025278:Figure 1 | ||
| S003108 | A2 | METFORMIN | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 30 | R0025278:Figure 1 | |||
| S003108 | A4 | LIRAMETF_SC | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 30 | R0025278:Figure 1 | |||
| S003426 | A1 | SEMA_SC | 24 | arm, events | 3 / 38 | R0040396:Table 3 | |||
| S003426 | A2 | TIRZ_SC | 24 | arm, events | 2 / 41 | R0040396:Table 3 | |||
| S003442 | A1 | DULA_SC | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 48 | printed_denominator | R0016372:Results | ||
| S003442 | A2 | LIRA_SC | 24 | arm, events | 0 / 48 | printed_denominator | R0016372:Results |
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