Network meta-analysis

Nausea

Children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes

longest follow-upRecorded harmsDoses of a drug pooledHazard ratio (from event counts)

Randomized trials

Treatments

420

Participants

Events

In plain language

Across 5 trials with 420 participants, 0 of 5 treatments had a clearly better result than placebo on nausea, and for 5 the evidence could not tell them apart from placebo. The most favorable estimate was for Lixisenatide injection: hazard ratio (from event counts) 0.69 (95% credible interval 0.06 to 10.73).

Lower values favor the treatment. "Clearly" means the 95% credible interval excludes no difference. These are averages across trials; they do not say how any one person will respond. Not medical advice.

Network of trials

Each circle is a treatment; each line joins treatments that were randomized against each other in at least one trial.

Node area shows participants; line width shows trials comparing two treatments directly. Blue: GLP-1 receptor agonist containing treatments; grey: comparators. Hover over or tab to a node or line for details.

Effects compared with Placebo

Hazard ratio (from event counts). Lower values favor the treatment.

Versus Placebo, log scale. Blue: Bayesian random effects posterior median with 95% credible interval (thick) and 95% prediction interval (dashed). Amber diamond: frequentist estimate with 95% confidence interval. Hover over or tab to a row for its values.

Effects of each treatment versus Placebo
Treatment	Bayesian HR (95% CrI)	95% prediction interval	Frequentist HR (95% CI)	Verdict
Lixisenatide injection LIXI_SC	0.69 (0.06 to 10.73)	0.05 to 13.18		Unclear
Standard care or no added treatment STANDARD_CARE	1.36 (0.07 to 22.24)	0.06 to 30.59		Unclear
Exenatide extended release injection EXENER_SC	1.65 (0.20 to 17.96)	0.15 to 24.02	1.67 (0.18 to 15.79)	Unclear
Dulaglutide injection DULA_SC	1.86 (0.43 to 9.01)	0.29 to 13.57	2.00 (0.63 to 6.38)	Unclear
Liraglutide injection LIRA_SC	2.26 (0.60 to 7.43)	0.39 to 11.52	2.70 (1.12 to 6.50)	Unclear

Ranking

How likely each treatment is to be among the best. Rankings ignore the size of differences and their certainty, so read them with the effects above.

League table

Every treatment against every other: hazard ratio (from event counts) of the row treatment versus the column treatment, posterior median and 95% credible interval. Green: row clearly better; red: row clearly worse.

Every treatment in a row compared with every treatment in a column
Row versus column	PLACEBO	LIXI_SC	STANDARD_CARE	EXENER_SC	DULA_SC	LIRA_SC
PLACEBO	PLACEBO	1.45 0.09 to 16.75	0.74 0.04 to 14.34	0.61 0.06 to 5.10	0.54 0.11 to 2.31	0.44 0.13 to 1.66
LIXI_SC	0.69 0.06 to 10.73	LIXI_SC	0.52 0.01 to 24.87	0.42 0.01 to 13.08	0.36 0.02 to 7.88	0.31 0.02 to 6.34
STANDARD_CARE	1.36 0.07 to 22.24	1.93 0.04 to 83.46	STANDARD_CARE	0.81 0.02 to 26.51	0.72 0.03 to 17.80	0.62 0.03 to 8.94
EXENER_SC	1.65 0.20 to 17.96	2.39 0.08 to 71.29	1.24 0.04 to 45.45	EXENER_SC	0.87 0.07 to 14.79	0.74 0.07 to 9.91
DULA_SC	1.86 0.43 to 9.01	2.76 0.13 to 48.36	1.39 0.06 to 38.16	1.15 0.07 to 15.28	DULA_SC	0.85 0.12 to 6.19
LIRA_SC	2.26 0.60 to 7.43	3.28 0.16 to 44.91	1.62 0.11 to 30.41	1.36 0.10 to 15.16	1.18 0.16 to 8.20	LIRA_SC

Heterogeneity, fit and convergence

Bayesian random effects (primary)

Heterogeneity (tau): 0.363 (95% CrI 0.084 to 1.348), log scale
Residual deviance: 9.5 for 10 data points
DIC: 18.9 (pD 9.4)
Largest R-hat: 1.001
Smallest ESS: bulk 3,993, tail 3,641
Divergent transitions: 0
Convergence: All criteria met
Priors: PR02 N(0, 5^2); PR05 N(0, 2.5^2); PR09 log normal(-1.87, 1.52^2) on tau^2 (Adverse events, pharm vs placebo control)

Frequentist check (netmeta)

Method: inverse variance, REML, OR
Tau: 0.000
Q (total): 0.00 on 0 df
Q (between designs): 0.00

Inconsistency

Do trials comparing two treatments directly agree with the indirect evidence through other treatments?

No comparison here has both direct and indirect evidence, so inconsistency cannot be checked by node splitting; the between designs Q above is the global check.

Small study effects

A comparison adjusted funnel plot: each point is one trial comparison, centered on its own network estimate. Asymmetry can signal that small trials with unfavorable results are missing.

Fewer than ten trial comparisons, too few to judge funnel plot asymmetry.

Baseline characteristics of the trials

The baseline value of each effect modifier or prognostic factor that applies here, per trial: mean or percent over arms, weighted by the number randomized. A note under a value names a stand in (a median for a mean, 100 minus the male share, Asian subgroup rows, an all Asian site list); "not reported" means no source of the trial prints it.

Baseline effect modifiers and prognostic factors per trial
Trial	Sex (percent female) effect modifier, prognostic factor; 5 of 5
NCT02803918 S000673	69.55
Ellipse™ S000357	61.48
NCT01554618 S000457	58.43
AWARD-PEDS S000604	71.43
NCT02960659 S001259	56.16

Comparability of the trials

Checked across designs (the set of treatments each trial compares) for eligibility, outcome definition and assessment, and the baseline factors above. Flags point to possible intransitivity; notes describe variation that is not tied to design.

FlagBaseline, Sex: design means range from 56.2 (LIRA_SC vs STANDARD_CARE) to 71.4 (DULA_SC vs PLACEBO) percent female; threshold 15
NoteOutcome assessment, time point: selected time points span 6.43 to 53 weeks
NoteOutcome assessment, definition: mixed: hypoglycemia adverse event, threshold not defined 1, not stated 4
NoteRisk of bias, blinding: mixed: double_blind 4, open_label 1
NoteRisk of bias, funding: mixed: industry 4, non_industry 1
NoteData handling, input conversions: arms_combined 1, nonserious_only 6

Comparability items per trial
Trial	analysis set	time weeks	definition	instrument	adjudicated	proportion method	intercurrent events (discontinuation)	intercurrent events (rescue)	blinding	funding	start year	Eligibility
NCT02803918	safety	6.43	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	double_blind	industry	2017	Age 10 to 17; T2D on metformin and/or basal insulin; HbA1c above 6.5 to 11 percent; BMI above 85th percentile
Ellipse™	safety	53	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	double_blind	industry	2012	age 10 to under 17; BMI above 85th percentile; HbA1c 7.0 to 11.0 (6.5 to 11.0 if treated)
NCT01554618	safety	24	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	double_blind	industry	2011	age 10 to below 18; HbA1c 6.5 to 11.0 (12.0 if insulin or sulfonylurea)
AWARD-PEDS	safety	26	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	double_blind	industry	2016	children and adolescents with type 2 diabetes
NCT02960659	safety	12	hypoglycemia adverse event, threshold not defined	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	not stated	open_label	non_industry	2017	age 12 to 25 years; HbA1c 9 percent or less; diabetes 5 years or less; Tanner 4 to 5; African American

Trial data

What each trial contributes. Arm rows give the arm value with its standard error, or events over participants; contrast rows give the hazard ratio (from event counts) on the analysis scale (log) against the trial's first row. Flags mark converted, combined or approximated inputs.

Trial data entering this analysis
Trial	Arm	Treatment	Week	Data	Events / N	Flags	Source
Ellipse™	A1	LIRA_SC	53	arm, events	19 / 66	nonserious_only	registry:adverse_events
Ellipse™	A2	PLACEBO	53	arm, events	9 / 69	nonserious_only	registry:adverse_events
NCT01554618	A1	EXENER_SC	24	arm, events	4 / 59		R0017380:Table 2
NCT01554618	A2	PLACEBO	24	arm, events	1 / 24		R0017380:Table 2
AWARD-PEDS	A1	PLACEBO	26	arm, events	4 / 51	nonserious_only	registry:adverse_events
AWARD-PEDS	A2+A3	DULA_SC	26	arm, events	15 / 103	nonserious_only;arms_combined	registry:adverse_events
NCT02803918	A1	LIXI_SC	6.43	arm, events	2 / 18		R0009184:Table 4
NCT02803918	A2	PLACEBO	6.43	arm, events	1 / 5		R0009184:Table 4
NCT02960659	A1	STANDARD_CARE	12	arm, events	1 / 14	nonserious_only	registry:adverse_events
NCT02960659	A2	LIRA_SC	12	arm, events	1 / 11	nonserious_only	registry:adverse_events

Rerun this analysis yourself

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