Condition P05

Type 1 diabetes

People with type 1 diabetes receiving insulin; GLP-1 receptor agonist containing drugs as adjunct.

14 randomized trials; 14 fitted analyses across 12 outcomes.

Headline results

For each primary outcome, the analysis that pools all doses of each medicine, with the three most favorable estimates against the common comparator. Open an analysis for every treatment, dose and check.

HbA1c change

Mean difference versus Placebo; weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26); 7 trials

Exenatide extended release and dapagliflozin injection-0.78 (-1.60 to 0.13)
Semaglutide injection-0.30 (-1.11 to 0.52)
Tirzepatide injection-0.29 (-1.20 to 0.59)

Lower values favor the treatment.

All outcomes

Each outcome is analyzed per time window and estimand, with doses kept apart (each dose) and pooled (each medicine). Analyses with too few connected trials are shown as descriptive.

HbA1c changeprimary

O01

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	Not stated by the trials	Each dose separately	7	10	Network meta-analysis
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	Not stated by the trials	Doses of a drug pooled	7	9	Network meta-analysis
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	While on treatment	Doses of a drug pooled	1	2	Descriptive only
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	While on treatment	Each dose separately	1	2	Descriptive only
weeks 40 to 64 (target week 52)	Not stated by the trials	Doses of a drug pooled	1	2	Descriptive only
weeks 40 to 64 (target week 52)	Not stated by the trials	Each dose separately	1	4	Descriptive only

Diabetic ketoacidosisprimary

O30

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	2	3	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	2	3	Descriptive only

Severe hypoglycemia (type 1 diabetes)primary

O31

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	2	3	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	2	3	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	1	2	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	1	2	Descriptive only

Level 2 or 3 hypoglycemia (participants)

O04

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	3	4	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	3	4	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	1	2	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	1	2	Descriptive only

Total daily insulin dose change

O06

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	Not stated by the trials	Each dose separately	5	7	Network meta-analysis
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	Not stated by the trials	Doses of a drug pooled	5	9	Network meta-analysis
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	While on treatment	Each dose separately	1	2	Descriptive only
weeks 40 to 64 (target week 52)	Not stated by the trials	Doses of a drug pooled	1	2	Descriptive only
weeks 12 to 40 (target week 26)	While on treatment	Doses of a drug pooled	1	2	Descriptive only
weeks 40 to 64 (target week 52)	Not stated by the trials	Each dose separately	1	2	Descriptive only

Serious adverse events

O25

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	6	7	Network meta-analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	6	7	Network meta-analysis

Nausea

O27A

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	2	4	Network meta-analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	2	2	Pairwise meta-analysis

Vomiting

O27B

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	2	4	Network meta-analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	2	2	Pairwise meta-analysis

Diarrhea

O27C

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	2	2	Pairwise meta-analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	2	4	Network meta-analysis

Constipation

O27D

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	2	2	Pairwise meta-analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	2	4	Network meta-analysis

Acute pancreatitis

O29

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	1	2	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	1	2	Descriptive only

Death by suicide

O35B

Time window	Estimand	Treatments	Trials	Nodes	Analysis
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Doses of a drug pooled	3	6	Descriptive only
longest follow-up	Recorded harms	Each dose separately	3	4	Descriptive only